Exam 3: Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
Maleness and femaleness characterized in 3 ways:
A
Genetic sex
Gonadal sex
Phenotypic sex
2
Q
Genetic sex
A
XY = male XX = female
3
Q
Gonadal sex
A
Males = testes Females = ovaries
4
Q
Phenotypic sex
A
External genetalia
5
Q
Gonads are indifferent/bipotential thru week ___ in fetus
A
Week 5
6
Q
Testes begin to develop in weeks
A
6-7
7
Q
Ovaries develop in week
A
9
8
Q
Genetic sex usually determines
A
Gonadal sex
9
Q
Testes cell types
A
Germ
Sertoli
Leydig
10
Q
Germ cells produce
A
Spermatogonia
11
Q
Sertoli cell synthesize
A
Antimullerian hormone
Inhibin
12
Q
Leydig cells synthesize
A
Testosterone
13
Q
Ovary cells types
A
Germ
Theca
Theca + granulosa cells
14
Q
Germ cells in ovaries produce
A
Oogonia
15
Q
Theca cells synthesize
A
Progesterone
16
Q
Theca + granulosa cells synthesize
A
Estrogen
17
Q
Male internal genital tract
A
Prostate
Seminal vesicles
Vas deferens
Epididymis
18
Q
Male external genetalia
A
Scrotum
Penis
19
Q
Female internal genital tract
A
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Upper 1/3 of vagina
20
Q
Female external genitalia
A
Clitoris
Labia major/minor
Lower 2/3 of vagina
21
Q
Gonadal males have testes that secrete
A
Antimullerian hormone
Testosterone
**must have both
22
Q
Wolffian ducts in embryo develop into:
A
Epididymis
Vas deferent
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory ducts
23
Q
Testosterone stims growth and differentiation of
A
Wolffian ducts
24
Q
Antimullerian hormone causes atrophy of
A
Mullerian ducts
25
Growth and development of male external genitalia depend on conversion of testosterone to
Dihydrotestosterone and androgen receptors
26
Gonadal females have ovaries that secrete
Estrogen
27
Since ovaries don’t produce testosterone ___ are NOT stimulated
Wolffian duct
28
Mullerian ducts in embryo develop into
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Upper 1/3 of vagina
29
Female genitalia does not require ___
Hormones
**growth to normal size requires estrogen
30
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Male genotype but female phenotype
31
Androgen insensitivity syndrome: female who at puberty shows ___ but no ____
Breast development; menstruation
32
Androgen insensitivity syndrome: pelvic exam reveals
Presence of testes
| Short vagina
33
Androgen insensitivity syndrome reveals no binding of testost. Which means that
Androgen receptors are absent/defective
34
Androgen insensitivity syndrome has elevated levels of
Testosterone and LH
35
Patients w/ Androgen insensitivity syndrome do not develop ____
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Upper vagina
Will never have menstrual cycles/pregnancy
36
Testes in patients w/ androgen insensitivity syndrome secreted both
Antimullerian hormone and testosterone
- no mullerian ducts
- unresponsive to testosterone
37
Androgen insensitivity syndrome breast development due to
Testes producing estradiol from testost.
38
In M and F, gonadal function is driven by
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
39
GnRH secretion begins at week ___ of gestation
4
40
FSH/LH secretion begins btw weeks ___
10-12
41
FSH and LH levels remain low until
Puberty
| FSH>LH
42
FSH and LH rise during puberty and become ___
Pulsatile
| LH >FSH during reproductive period
43
Old age gonadotropin secretion rate ____
Continues to rise
| FSH>LH
44
Primary hormonal event is initiation of ____ which drives parallel secretion of ______
Pulsatile secretion of GnRH; FSH and LH
45
FSH and LH stim gonads to produce
Testosterone (M)
| Estradiol (F)
46
____ required for normal reproductive function
Pulsatility
47
During puberty there are large nocturnal pulses of
LH
48
GnRH upregulates its own anterior pit receptor which
Inc sensitivity of GnRH receptor
49
The inc levels of sex steroids during puberty are responsible for
Secondary sexual characteristics
50
Extreme stress or caloric deprivation may cause
Delayed onset of puberty
51
____ may play a role in onset of puberty bc of its inhibition of GnRH
Melatonin
52
Melatonin levels are highest during ____ and dec during ____
Childhood; adulthood
53
If you remove pineal gland ____ onset of puberty
Earlier (dec melatonin)
54
Puberty in boys, Leydig cell proliferation causes
Inc synthesis/secretion of testosterone
55
Puberty in boys the growth of testes is due primarily to inc in number of
Seminiferous tubules (initiate spermatogenesis)
56
Other changes in puberty in boys
```
Accessory sex organs grow
Growth spurt
Pubic/axillary hair
Penis growth
Voice lowers
```
57
Puberty in girls, activation of hypothalamic-pituitary axis drives synthesis of
Estradiol by ovaries
58
Growth spurt and closure of epiphyseal plates begin/end earlier in
Girls
59
Appearance of pubic/axillary hair precedes ___ and is dependent on inc secretion of ____
Menarche; adrenal androgens
60
Testes additional enzyme used to make testosterone
17 B-hydroxysteroid DH
| Lack 21 B and 11 B hydroxylase
61
98% of circulating testosterone is bound to
Plasma proteins
- SSBG
- albumin
62
Only ____ testosterone is biologically active
Free
63
SSBG functions as reservoir for circulating testost. It is stim by ___ and inhibited by ____
Estrogens; androgens
64
Functions of testes are controlled by
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA)
65
FSH stims _____ and ____ in testes
Spermatogenesis
Sertoli cell fxn
66
LH stims ____ in testes
Secretion of tetosterone
67
Testosterone has paracrine effect on sertoli cells to stim release of
Inhibin
68
5a-reductase inhibitors block the conversion of
Testosterone — dihydrotestosterone
69
Dihydrotestosterone responsible for differentiation of
Penis
Scrotum
Prostate
70
Dihydrotestosterone is also responsible for
Male hair pattern/baldness
| Sebaceous gland activity
71
Lack of 5a-reductase
External male repro tract fails to develop
Male pseudohermaphroditism
72
Ovaries contain 17B-hydroxysteroid DH which converts
Androstenedione — testosterone
73
Ovaries contain aromatase which converts
Testosterone — 17B-estradiol
74
Ovarian theca cells synthesize and secrete
Progesterone
| Androstenedione
75
2 major functions of ovaries
Oogenesis
| Synthesis/secretion of female sex hormones
76
Functions of ovaries controlled by
HPA
77
(Female) GnRH in anterior pituitary stims pulsatile secretion of
FSH/LH
78
FSH/LH actions on ovary
Follicular development
| Synthesize/secrete progesterone and 17B-estradiol
79
Stages of menstrual cycle
1. Follicular development
2. Ovulation
3. Formation/degeneration of corpus luteum
80
Follicular phase
First 14 days
Follicle develops
Dominated by estrogen
81
Luteal phase
Last 14 days
Dominated by corpus luteum
82
Ovulation
Midpoint in menstrual cycle
83
Only ovarian cells w/ FSH receptors
Granulosa cells
84
Ovulation is initiated by
LH surge
85
LH stimulates formation of ____ and maintains progesterone production by CL during ____
Corpus luteum; luteal phase
86
During follicular phase, what inhibits secretion of FSH/LH from AP
Negative feedback from estradiol
87
During luteal phase what inhibits secretion of FSH/LH
Negative feedback: Progesterone secretion by CL
88
Estrogen and progesterone function in coordinated way
1. Development of ovum
2. Maintain corpus luteum
3. Maintain pregnancy
4. Lactation
89
Estrogen ____ progesterone receptors, but progesterone ____ estrogen receptors
Up regulates; down regulates
90
Normal ratio of estrogen /progesterone
Progesterone 150: 1 estrogen
91
Estrogen dominance is due to
Progesterone levels falling
92
Estrogen effect on uterus
Cell prolif and growth
| Inc contractility
93
Progesterone effect on uterus
Inc secretory activity
| Dec contractility
94
Estrogen in fallopian tubes
Stims ciliary activity and contractility
95
Progesterone effect on fallopian tubes
Inc secretory activity
| Dec contractility
96
Estrogen in cervix causes cervical mucus to become
Copious, watery, elastic
97
Progesterone causes the cervical mucus to become
Thick, nonelastic
98
Estrogen in vagina stims proliferation of
Epithelial cells
99
What hormone is useful as a marker of ovarian reserve and predicts repro lifespan
AMH
100
AMH can be useful to detect pathologic conditions:
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Granulose cell tumors
Premature ovarian failure
101
Development of mammary glands requires
Estrogen
102
Estrogen in development of mammary glands
Stims growth of lobular ducts
Enlargement of areola
Inc adipose tissue
103
Highest levels of E and P occur during
Pregnancy
104
Progesterone works synergistically w/ estrogen to stim secretory acticity in
Lobular ducts
105
The blastocyst consists of
Inner mass of cells
| Outer rim of cells
106
Inner mass of cells in blastocyst will become the
Fetus
107
Outer rim of cells in the blastocyst becomes the
Trophoblast
108
Trophoblast contributes to the _______ and begins secreting ____ at about day 8
Fetal portion of placenta; HCG
109
HCG has a similar biologic activity to
LH
110
HCG maintains ___ function which now continues to produce ____
CL; estrogen and progesterone
111
High levels of estrogen and progesterone suppress
Follicular devleopment
112
Without HCG, CL ____ and ____ occurs
Regresses; menses
113
What hormone dominates first trimester of pregnancy
HCG
114
What hormone provides the basis of a pregnancy test
HCG
Detectable in urine at day 9
115
What estrogen is the major one during pregnancy
Estriol
116
Estriol production requires ____ from mother, and fetal adrenal cortex/liver
Cholesterol
117
Fetal _____ accounts for steep rise of estriol in maternal blood during last weeks of preg.
DHEA-S
118
Progesterone production only requires ____ from mother
Cholesterol
119
____ hormone levels gradually and steadily rise throughout pregnancy
Prolactin
120
Hormone of highest concentration in last half of pregnancy
Prolactin
121
Lactation in suppressed during pregnancy by ____ and begins at parturition when ____
E and P; begins when E and P levels drop
122
What hormone produced by placenta drives fetal pituitary adrenal axis to produce cortisol
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
123
Cortisol is important in fetus to cause
Maturation of lungs to produce surfactant
124
Changes to cervix during parturition
Softens and becomes distensible
125
Fetal cortisol increases _____ ratio (near term)
Estrogen/progesterone
126
Increasing E/P ratio near term increases sensitivity of uterus to
contractile stimuli
127
Estrogen stimulates production of ______ (near term)
PGE2 and PGF2a
128
Function of relaxin
Relaxes pubic lig
| Softens cervix
129
Relaxin is produced by
Corpus luteum
130
Functions of prostaglandins during parturition
1. Rupture fetal membranes
2. Soften cervix
3. Contract myometrium
4. Stim placental and fetal CRH production
131
Oxytocin during parturition stims
Powerful slow/prolonged contractions of myometrium
132
Oxytocin is secreted as a neuroendocrine reflex in response to
Stretching of uterus
133
Oxytocin during parturition protects against
Hemorrhage after expulsion of fetus
134
Progesterone levels do not begin to decline until after
Loss of placenta
135
After delivery of placenta, all hormone concentrations ____ except for ___
Return to pre-pregnant levels; prolactin
136
Lactation is maintained by
Suckling
137
Suckling stimulates the secretion of
Oxytocin and prolactin
138
Oxytocin induces milk ___ by causing ____
“Let down”; contraction of myoepithelial cells
139
Prolactin stimulates milk ____
Production
140
Suckling suppresses ovulation because prolactin inhibits
GnRH and FSH/LH
141
E and P oral contraceptives
Neg feedback on pit gland
Change cervical mucous
Dec fallopian tube motility
142
Progestin oral contraceptives
Effect cervical mucus
| Altered tubal motility
143
Morning after pill contains higher dose of ___ which interfere w/ ____
E/P; implantation
144
Mifepristone is an antagonist to
Progesterone receptor (prevent implantation)
145
Menopause
Cessation of menstrual cycles
146
For several years prior to menopause ____ are common bc of ____
Anovulatory; dec # of functioning ovarian follicles
147
Signs/symptoms of menopause are due to
Lack of estrogen
148
Signs/symptoms of menopause
```
Thin vaginal epi
Dec vag secretions
Dec breast mass
Inc bone loss
Hot flashes
Emotions
```
149
Hormone replacement is not longer recommended bc
Risks outweigh benefits
150
Couvade syndrome AKA
Sympathetic pregnancy
151
Couvade syndrome
Father experiences physical symptoms during woman’s pregnancy
