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Endocrinology > Exam 3: Reproduction > Flashcards

Exam 3: Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Maleness and femaleness characterized in 3 ways:

A

Genetic sex
Gonadal sex
Phenotypic sex

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2
Q

Genetic sex

A 
XY = male
XX = female
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3
Q

Gonadal sex

A 
Males = testes
Females = ovaries
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4
Q

Phenotypic sex

A

External genetalia

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5
Q

Gonads are indifferent/bipotential thru week ___ in fetus

A

Week 5

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6
Q

Testes begin to develop in weeks

A

6-7

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7
Q

Ovaries develop in week

A

9

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8
Q

Genetic sex usually determines

A

Gonadal sex

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9
Q

Testes cell types

A

Germ
Sertoli
Leydig

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10
Q

Germ cells produce

A

Spermatogonia

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11
Q

Sertoli cell synthesize

A

Antimullerian hormone

Inhibin

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12
Q

Leydig cells synthesize

A

Testosterone

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13
Q

Ovary cells types

A

Germ
Theca
Theca + granulosa cells

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14
Q

Germ cells in ovaries produce

A

Oogonia

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15
Q

Theca cells synthesize

A

Progesterone

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16
Q

Theca + granulosa cells synthesize

A

Estrogen

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17
Q

Male internal genital tract

A

Prostate
Seminal vesicles
Vas deferens
Epididymis

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18
Q

Male external genetalia

A

Scrotum

Penis

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19
Q

Female internal genital tract

A

Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Upper 1/3 of vagina

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20
Q

Female external genitalia

A

Clitoris
Labia major/minor
Lower 2/3 of vagina

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21
Q

Gonadal males have testes that secrete

A

Antimullerian hormone
Testosterone

**must have both

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22
Q

Wolffian ducts in embryo develop into:

A

Epididymis
Vas deferent
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory ducts

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23
Q

Testosterone stims growth and differentiation of

A

Wolffian ducts

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24
Q

Antimullerian hormone causes atrophy of

A

Mullerian ducts

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25
Q

Growth and development of male external genitalia depend on conversion of testosterone to

A

Dihydrotestosterone and androgen receptors

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26
Q

Gonadal females have ovaries that secrete

A

Estrogen

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27
Q

Since ovaries don’t produce testosterone ___ are NOT stimulated

A

Wolffian duct

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28
Q

Mullerian ducts in embryo develop into

A

Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Upper 1/3 of vagina

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29
Q

Female genitalia does not require ___

A

Hormones

**growth to normal size requires estrogen

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30
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Male genotype but female phenotype

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31
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome: female who at puberty shows ___ but no ____

A

Breast development; menstruation

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32
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome: pelvic exam reveals

A

Presence of testes

Short vagina

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33
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome reveals no binding of testost. Which means that

A

Androgen receptors are absent/defective

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34
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome has elevated levels of

A

Testosterone and LH

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35
Q

Patients w/ Androgen insensitivity syndrome do not develop ____

A

Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Upper vagina

Will never have menstrual cycles/pregnancy

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36
Q

Testes in patients w/ androgen insensitivity syndrome secreted both

A

Antimullerian hormone and testosterone

  • no mullerian ducts
  • unresponsive to testosterone
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37
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome breast development due to

A

Testes producing estradiol from testost.

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38
Q

In M and F, gonadal function is driven by

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

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39
Q

GnRH secretion begins at week ___ of gestation

A

4

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40
Q

FSH/LH secretion begins btw weeks ___

A

10-12

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41
Q

FSH and LH levels remain low until

A

Puberty

FSH>LH

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42
Q

FSH and LH rise during puberty and become ___

A

Pulsatile

LH >FSH during reproductive period

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43
Q

Old age gonadotropin secretion rate ____

A

Continues to rise

FSH>LH

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44
Q

Primary hormonal event is initiation of ____ which drives parallel secretion of ______

A

Pulsatile secretion of GnRH; FSH and LH

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45
Q

FSH and LH stim gonads to produce

A

Testosterone (M)

Estradiol (F)

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46
Q

____ required for normal reproductive function

A

Pulsatility

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47
Q

During puberty there are large nocturnal pulses of

A

LH

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48
Q

GnRH upregulates its own anterior pit receptor which

A

Inc sensitivity of GnRH receptor

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49
Q

The inc levels of sex steroids during puberty are responsible for

A

Secondary sexual characteristics

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50
Q

Extreme stress or caloric deprivation may cause

A

Delayed onset of puberty

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51
Q

____ may play a role in onset of puberty bc of its inhibition of GnRH

A

Melatonin

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52
Q

Melatonin levels are highest during ____ and dec during ____

A

Childhood; adulthood

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53
Q

If you remove pineal gland ____ onset of puberty

A

Earlier (dec melatonin)

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54
Q

Puberty in boys, Leydig cell proliferation causes

A

Inc synthesis/secretion of testosterone

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55
Q

Puberty in boys the growth of testes is due primarily to inc in number of

A

Seminiferous tubules (initiate spermatogenesis)

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56
Q

Other changes in puberty in boys

A 
Accessory sex organs grow
Growth spurt
Pubic/axillary hair
Penis growth
Voice lowers
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57
Q

Puberty in girls, activation of hypothalamic-pituitary axis drives synthesis of

A

Estradiol by ovaries

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58
Q

Growth spurt and closure of epiphyseal plates begin/end earlier in

A

Girls

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59
Q

Appearance of pubic/axillary hair precedes ___ and is dependent on inc secretion of ____

A

Menarche; adrenal androgens

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60
Q

Testes additional enzyme used to make testosterone

A

17 B-hydroxysteroid DH

Lack 21 B and 11 B hydroxylase

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61
Q

98% of circulating testosterone is bound to

A

Plasma proteins

  • SSBG
  • albumin
62
Q

Only ____ testosterone is biologically active

63
Q

SSBG functions as reservoir for circulating testost. It is stim by ___ and inhibited by ____

A

Estrogens; androgens

64
Q

Functions of testes are controlled by

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA)

65
Q

FSH stims _____ and ____ in testes

A

Spermatogenesis

Sertoli cell fxn

66
Q

LH stims ____ in testes

A

Secretion of tetosterone

67
Q

Testosterone has paracrine effect on sertoli cells to stim release of

68
Q

5a-reductase inhibitors block the conversion of

A

Testosterone — dihydrotestosterone

69
Q

Dihydrotestosterone responsible for differentiation of

A

Penis
Scrotum
Prostate

70
Q

Dihydrotestosterone is also responsible for

A

Male hair pattern/baldness

Sebaceous gland activity

71
Q

Lack of 5a-reductase

A

External male repro tract fails to develop

Male pseudohermaphroditism

72
Q

Ovaries contain 17B-hydroxysteroid DH which converts

A

Androstenedione — testosterone

73
Q

Ovaries contain aromatase which converts

A

Testosterone — 17B-estradiol

74
Q

Ovarian theca cells synthesize and secrete

A

Progesterone

Androstenedione

75
Q

2 major functions of ovaries

A

Oogenesis

Synthesis/secretion of female sex hormones

76
Q

Functions of ovaries controlled by

77
Q

(Female) GnRH in anterior pituitary stims pulsatile secretion of

78
Q

FSH/LH actions on ovary

A

Follicular development

Synthesize/secrete progesterone and 17B-estradiol

79
Q

Stages of menstrual cycle

A
  1. Follicular development
  2. Ovulation
  3. Formation/degeneration of corpus luteum
80
Q

Follicular phase

A

First 14 days

Follicle develops

Dominated by estrogen

81
Q

Luteal phase

A

Last 14 days

Dominated by corpus luteum

82
Q

Ovulation

A

Midpoint in menstrual cycle

83
Q

Only ovarian cells w/ FSH receptors

A

Granulosa cells

84
Q

Ovulation is initiated by

85
Q

LH stimulates formation of ____ and maintains progesterone production by CL during ____

A

Corpus luteum; luteal phase

86
Q

During follicular phase, what inhibits secretion of FSH/LH from AP

A

Negative feedback from estradiol

87
Q

During luteal phase what inhibits secretion of FSH/LH

A

Negative feedback: Progesterone secretion by CL

88
Q

Estrogen and progesterone function in coordinated way

A
  1. Development of ovum
  2. Maintain corpus luteum
  3. Maintain pregnancy
  4. Lactation
89
Q

Estrogen ____ progesterone receptors, but progesterone ____ estrogen receptors

A

Up regulates; down regulates

90
Q

Normal ratio of estrogen /progesterone

A

Progesterone 150: 1 estrogen

91
Q

Estrogen dominance is due to

A

Progesterone levels falling

92
Q

Estrogen effect on uterus

A

Cell prolif and growth

Inc contractility

93
Q

Progesterone effect on uterus

A

Inc secretory activity

Dec contractility

94
Q

Estrogen in fallopian tubes

A

Stims ciliary activity and contractility

95
Q

Progesterone effect on fallopian tubes

A

Inc secretory activity

Dec contractility

96
Q

Estrogen in cervix causes cervical mucus to become

A

Copious, watery, elastic

97
Q

Progesterone causes the cervical mucus to become

A

Thick, nonelastic

98
Q

Estrogen in vagina stims proliferation of

A

Epithelial cells

99
Q

What hormone is useful as a marker of ovarian reserve and predicts repro lifespan

100
Q

AMH can be useful to detect pathologic conditions:

A

Polycystic ovary syndrome
Granulose cell tumors
Premature ovarian failure

101
Q

Development of mammary glands requires

102
Q

Estrogen in development of mammary glands

A

Stims growth of lobular ducts
Enlargement of areola
Inc adipose tissue

103
Q

Highest levels of E and P occur during

104
Q

Progesterone works synergistically w/ estrogen to stim secretory acticity in

A

Lobular ducts

105
Q

The blastocyst consists of

A

Inner mass of cells

Outer rim of cells

106
Q

Inner mass of cells in blastocyst will become the

107
Q

Outer rim of cells in the blastocyst becomes the

A

Trophoblast

108
Q

Trophoblast contributes to the _______ and begins secreting ____ at about day 8

A

Fetal portion of placenta; HCG

109
Q

HCG has a similar biologic activity to

110
Q

HCG maintains ___ function which now continues to produce ____

A

CL; estrogen and progesterone

111
Q

High levels of estrogen and progesterone suppress

A

Follicular devleopment

112
Q

Without HCG, CL ____ and ____ occurs

A

Regresses; menses

113
Q

What hormone dominates first trimester of pregnancy

114
Q

What hormone provides the basis of a pregnancy test

A

HCG

Detectable in urine at day 9

115
Q

What estrogen is the major one during pregnancy

116
Q

Estriol production requires ____ from mother, and fetal adrenal cortex/liver

A

Cholesterol

117
Q

Fetal _____ accounts for steep rise of estriol in maternal blood during last weeks of preg.

118
Q

Progesterone production only requires ____ from mother

A

Cholesterol

119
Q

____ hormone levels gradually and steadily rise throughout pregnancy

120
Q

Hormone of highest concentration in last half of pregnancy

121
Q

Lactation in suppressed during pregnancy by ____ and begins at parturition when ____

A

E and P; begins when E and P levels drop

122
Q

What hormone produced by placenta drives fetal pituitary adrenal axis to produce cortisol

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

123
Q

Cortisol is important in fetus to cause

A

Maturation of lungs to produce surfactant

124
Q

Changes to cervix during parturition

A

Softens and becomes distensible

125
Q

Fetal cortisol increases _____ ratio (near term)

A

Estrogen/progesterone

126
Q

Increasing E/P ratio near term increases sensitivity of uterus to

A

contractile stimuli

127
Q

Estrogen stimulates production of ______ (near term)

A

PGE2 and PGF2a

128
Q

Function of relaxin

A

Relaxes pubic lig

Softens cervix

129
Q

Relaxin is produced by

A

Corpus luteum

130
Q

Functions of prostaglandins during parturition

A
  1. Rupture fetal membranes
  2. Soften cervix
  3. Contract myometrium
  4. Stim placental and fetal CRH production
131
Q

Oxytocin during parturition stims

A

Powerful slow/prolonged contractions of myometrium

132
Q

Oxytocin is secreted as a neuroendocrine reflex in response to

A

Stretching of uterus

133
Q

Oxytocin during parturition protects against

A

Hemorrhage after expulsion of fetus

134
Q

Progesterone levels do not begin to decline until after

A

Loss of placenta

135
Q

After delivery of placenta, all hormone concentrations ____ except for ___

A

Return to pre-pregnant levels; prolactin

136
Q

Lactation is maintained by

137
Q

Suckling stimulates the secretion of

A

Oxytocin and prolactin

138
Q

Oxytocin induces milk ___ by causing ____

A

“Let down”; contraction of myoepithelial cells

139
Q

Prolactin stimulates milk ____

A

Production

140
Q

Suckling suppresses ovulation because prolactin inhibits

A

GnRH and FSH/LH

141
Q

E and P oral contraceptives

A

Neg feedback on pit gland
Change cervical mucous
Dec fallopian tube motility

142
Q

Progestin oral contraceptives

A

Effect cervical mucus

Altered tubal motility

143
Q

Morning after pill contains higher dose of ___ which interfere w/ ____

A

E/P; implantation

144
Q

Mifepristone is an antagonist to

A

Progesterone receptor (prevent implantation)

145
Q

Menopause

A

Cessation of menstrual cycles

146
Q

For several years prior to menopause ____ are common bc of ____

A

Anovulatory; dec # of functioning ovarian follicles

147
Q

Signs/symptoms of menopause are due to

A

Lack of estrogen

148
Q

Signs/symptoms of menopause

A 
Thin vaginal epi
Dec vag secretions
Dec breast mass
Inc bone loss
Hot flashes
Emotions
149
Q

Hormone replacement is not longer recommended bc

A

Risks outweigh benefits

150
Q

Couvade syndrome AKA

A

Sympathetic pregnancy

151
Q

Couvade syndrome

A

Father experiences physical symptoms during woman’s pregnancy

Endocrinology (11 decks)

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