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Endocrinology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical messengers

A

Neurotransmitters, endocrine hormones, neuroendocrine hormones, paracrines, autocrines, cytokines

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2
Q

Adrenal medulla and the pituitary gland secrete in response to

A

A neural stimuli

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3
Q

Control over the anterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Body functions regulated by hormones

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Growth and development
  3. H2O/ electrolyte balance
  4. Reproduction
  5. Behavior
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5
Q

Classes of hormones

A
  1. Protein/ polypeptides
  2. Steroids
  3. Tyrosine derivatives (biogenic amines)
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6
Q

Protein hormones are stored in

A

Secretory vesicles

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7
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Cortisol and aldosterone

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8
Q

Examples of tyrosine derivative hormones

A

Dopamine, thyroxine, norepinephrine/epinephrine

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9
Q

Classic endocrine glands

A
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenals
  • Gonads
  • Placenta
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10
Q

Organs or tissue with endocrine function

A
  • Brain
  • Heart
  • Liver
  • GI tract
  • Kidneys
  • Adipose
  • Thymus
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11
Q

Parts of brain involved with endocrine function

A

Hypothalamus and pineal gland

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12
Q

Rapid hormone secretion

A

Adrenal medulla secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine

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13
Q

Slow hormone secretion

A

Pituitary and thyroid hormone secretion

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14
Q

Negative feedback prevents

A

Over-activity

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15
Q

Negative feedback is variable by

A

Secretory rate and amount of activity in the target tissue

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16
Q

Negative feedback regulated by

A
  • Gene transcription and translation
  • Steps in Processing hormones
  • Steps in releasing stored hormones
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17
Q

Positive feedback is seen with

A

Surges of hormone

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18
Q

Example of positive feedback

A

Luteinizing hormone stimulating ovulation

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19
Q

Diurnal secretion

A

Daily or circadian secretion.

Ex: growth hormone

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20
Q

Seasonal or circannual secretion

A

The Pineal gland secretes this way.

Ex: melatonin’s effect on reproduction in seasonal breeding

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21
Q

Cyclic or periodic variations of secretion

A

Due to changes in neural activity

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22
Q

Transport of water soluble hormones

A

Dissolve in plasma, transported to target tissue, diffuse out capillaries and into interstitial fluid, then into target cells

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23
Q

Transport of steroid and thyroid hormones

A

Bind to plasma proteins and circulates in the blood. They must dissociate from the protein to diffuse across capillaries and into target tissue

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24
Q

Hormonal clearance

A

Removal of a hormone

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25
Q

Hormone concentration

A

Rate of secretion-rate of clearance

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26
Q

Metabolic Clearance Rate (MCR)

A

Rate of disappearance of hormone from plasma

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27
Q

Ways hormones can be cleared from plasma

A
  • Metabolic/enzymatic degradation by tissue
  • Binding with tissue
  • Excretion by liver into bile
  • Urinary excretion by kidneys
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28
Q

Locations of hormonal receptors

A
  • in/on the surface of the cell membrane
  • cell cytoplasm
  • cell nucleus
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29
Q

Types of cellular receptors

A
  • Ion channel-linked
  • G Protein-linked
  • enzyme-linked
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30
Q

Ca2+—Calmodulin in smooth muscle: contraction occurs when

A

Myosin is Phosphorylated by activated MLCK

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31
Q

Ca2+—calmodulin in smooth muscle: relaxation occurs when

A

Myosin is Dephosphorylated via myosin phosphatase

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32
Q

Adenylyl cyclase-cAMP active state

A

GTP is bound

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33
Q

Adenylyl cyclase-cAMP inactive state

A

GDP is bound

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34
Q

What activates adenylyl cyclase

A

Alpha subunit—GTP complex

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35
Q

Active adenylyl cyclase converts

A

ATP to cAMP

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36
Q

CAMP activates

A

PKA

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37
Q

What inactivates cAMP

A

Phosphodiesterase

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38
Q

What activates phospholipase C

A

Alpha q subunit—GTP complex

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39
Q

Activated phospholipase C catalyzes what reaction

A

PIP2 — DAG + IP3

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40
Q

IP3 causes

A

Release of CA2+ from ER or SR

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41
Q

DAG + Ca2+ activate

A

PKC

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42
Q

Purpose of 2nd messenger systems

A

Allows hormones that cant cross membrane to affect cell

Signal amplification

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43
Q

How do steroid hormones affect genes

A

Increase protein synthesis

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44
Q

Mechanism of how steroid hormones inc protein synthesis

A
  1. Bind to receptor
  2. Go to nucleus
  3. Bind to DNA — transcrip — mRNA
  4. MRNA goes to ribosomes to form protein
45
Q

How do thyroid hormones affect genes

A

Increase gene transcription in nucleus

46
Q

How thyroid hormone signals gene transcription

A
  • T3/T4 bind to receptor proteins in nucleus

- after binding to intranuclear receptors they can express control for days-weeks

47
Q

Concentration of hormone at the cell membrane depends on:

A
  1. Rate of secretion
  2. Rate of delivery via circulation
  3. Rate of degradation
48
Q

Sensitivity of target cell depends on:

A
  1. Number of functional receptors
  2. Receptor affinity for hormone
  3. Post receptor amplification
  4. Abundance of available effector molecules
49
Q

Magnitude of hormone responses depends on

A
  • concentration of hormone
  • sensitivity of cells
  • number of target cells
50
Q

Duration of hormone response

A

Duration of hormonal availability
Mode of production of cell response
How quickly the changes begin

51
Q

How long the hormone lasts depends on

A

Duration, amount secreted and half-life of the hormone

52
Q

Cellular response is produced by

A

Reversible covalent modifications and genomic changes

53
Q

Examples of genomic changes

A
  • Time it takes to make mRNA
  • mRNA half-life
  • time to synthesize proteins
  • half-life of affected proteins
54
Q

Tests that measure hormones in blood

A

RIA and ELISA

55
Q

RIA

A

Measures immunologic, not biology, activity

56
Q

RIA test

A

Correlates radioactivity to hormone concentration by creating a competition between the hormone and a radioactive labeled hormone on an antibody

57
Q

ELISA

A

Can measure any protein depending on their specificity of antibodies or sensitivity of enzyme assays

58
Q

Advantages of ELISA

A
  1. No radioactivity
  2. Easily automated
  3. Cost effective
  4. Accurate hormone levels
  5. Popular choice in clinical labs
59
Q

Pituitary gland

A

The master gland

Anterior and Posterior parts

Lies in sella turcica (sphenoid)

60
Q

Anterior Pituitary gland

A

Comes from Rathke’s pouch (pharygeal epithelium)

Synthesizes and releases 6 peptide hormones

61
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Outgrowth from hypothalamus

Stores and secretes 2 hormones from the hypothalamus

62
Q

Pars intermedia synthesizes and secretes

A

Melanocytes Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

63
Q

Hypothalamus controls

A

All pituitary secretion hormonally (AP) or neurally (PP)

64
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophysial Portal system (HHPS)

A

Releasing and inhibitory hormones secreted into median eminence to control anterior pituitary secretion

65
Q

Hypothalamic Peptide Hormones

A

TRH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH, Prolactin inhibitory hormone, growth hormone inhibitory hormone, Ghrelin

66
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A
  1. Growth Hormone
  2. TSH
  3. ACTH
  4. Prolactin
  5. FSH
  6. LH
67
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

2. Oxytocin

68
Q

Growth hormone AKA

A

Somatotropin

69
Q

TSH is secreted by

A

Thyrotropes

70
Q

TSH increases

A
  1. Proteolysis of thyroglobulin
  2. Activity of iodide pump
  3. Iodination of tyrosine (form T3/T4)
  4. Size, number, and secretory activity of thyroid cells
71
Q

TSH inhibited by

A

T3 and T4

72
Q

TSH stimulated by

A

TRH and cold

73
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates

A

Cortisol and adrenal androgens secretion

74
Q

ACTH secreted by

A

Corticotropes

75
Q

ACTH stimulated by

A
  1. Hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

2. Physical or mental stress/ pain

76
Q

ACTH inhibited by

A

Cortisol (negative feedback)

77
Q

Prolactin is inhibited by

A

Hypothalamic dopamine

AKA Prolactin inhibitory hormone

78
Q

Stimulates milk secretion and production and inhibits ovulation

A

Prolactin

79
Q

Excess prolactin

A
  1. Destruction of hypothalamus or prolactinomas
  2. Galactorrhea
  3. Infertility
80
Q

Bromocriptine

A

Treatment for excess prolactin

81
Q

Prolactin _______ aspects of immune response

A

Enhances

82
Q

FSH and LH are secreted by

A

Gonadotropes

83
Q

Functions of FSH and LH

A
  1. Stimulate development of ovarian follicles
  2. Regulates spermatogenesis
  3. Causes ovulation (LH) and formation of corpus luteum
  4. Stimulate production of estrogen/progesterone (Female) and testosterone (male)
84
Q

Activin and Inhibin

A

Dimer protein complexes in gonads, pituitary, placenta and other organs

85
Q

Enhances FSH synthesis and secretion

A

Activin

86
Q

Helps regulate menstural cycle

A

Activin

87
Q

_______ inhibits FSH synthesis and secretion

A

Inhibin

88
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH and oxytocin

89
Q

Produces milk “letdown” from lactating breast and stimulates uterine contraction

A

Oxytocin

90
Q

Oxytocin released in response to

A

Suckling or conditioned responses (sight, sound, or smell of infant)

Dilation of cervix or orgasm

91
Q

Uses of oxytocin

A

Induce labor and reduce postpartum bleeding

92
Q

Oxytocin inhibited by

A

Opioids

93
Q

Oxytocin effects on brain

A

Relaxation, fearlessness, bonding, contentment

Activated by daily closeness and touch

94
Q

Melatonin produced by

A

Pineal gland

95
Q

Melatonin controls

A

Reproductive cycle in season breeders , enhances immune function, enhances slow wave sleep

96
Q

Melatonin released

A

In circadian cycle (mostly during dark phase)

97
Q

Hormones synthesized and secreted by liver

A
  1. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
  2. Angiotensinogen
  3. Thrombopoietin
  4. Hepcidin
  5. Betatrophin
98
Q

IGF-1

A

Mediates effects of growth hormone

AKA somatomedin C

99
Q

Angiotensinogen

A

Precursor of angiotensin I and II

100
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Stimulates production of platelets

Also produced by kidneys

101
Q

Hepcidin

A

Key regulator of entry of iron into cells

102
Q

Betatrophin

A

Promotes pancreatic beta cell proliferation

Also produced by adipose

103
Q

Steroid hormones are conjugated by the _______ and excreted in ______

A

Conjugated by liver

Excreted in bile

104
Q

Most common cause of death and stability in young people

A

Traumatic brain injury

105
Q

_____ dysfunction common following TBI

A

Pituitary

106
Q

Pituitary dysfunction

A

Most common in GH or FSH/LH

107
Q

GH deficiency

A

Inability to concentrate, memory problems, anxiety, and fatigue

108
Q

LH/ FSH deficiency associated with

A

Hypogonadism

109
Q

Central diabetes insipidus

A

Low ADH

Endocrinology (11 decks)

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