Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Endocrinology > Exam 1: Adrenals > Flashcards

Exam 1: Adrenals Flashcards

1
Q

2 hormones of the adrenals

A

Outer cortex: steroids

Inner medulla: catacholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Without adrenal hormones

A
  • deranged electrolyte levels cause circulatory collapse

- impaired carbohydrate metabolism (hypoglycemic coma) causes death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Medulla (ectoderm) secretes

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cortex (mesoderm) secretes

A

Steroid hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

Control of Na and K

Secretion controlled by renin-angiotensin System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Affect body fuel metabolism

Secretion controlled by ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Androgens

A

Similar function to testes

Secretion controlled by ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sustained stimulation of adrenal glands can ________ output

A

Increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fast acting medullary hormones signal

A

Physiologic adjustments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Slow acting cortical hormones maintain or increase

A
  1. Sensitivity to medullary hormones
  2. Capacity of tissue to respond to medullary hormones

Act as modulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Precursor for adrenocorticcaal steroids

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____ are essential for life

A

Glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol and corticosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Drugs that inhibit glucocorticoids

A

Metyrapone and ketoconazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Metyrapone

A

Used in diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and cushings

Inhibits 11-Beta hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ketoconazole

A

Treats fungal infections

Inhibits cholesterol desmolase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Physiologic functions of glucocorticoids

A
  1. Increase gluconeogenesis and storage of glycogen
  2. Anti-inflammatory
  3. Suppresses immune response (thymus)
  4. Maintains vascular responsiveness (catecholamines)
  5. Inhibit bone formation
  6. Increase GFR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cortisol affects _____, ______, and ____ metabolism to increase glucose synthesis

A

Protein, fat, and CHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cortisol decreases

A
  1. Utilization of glucose by tissues

2. Adipose insulin sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_______are essential for survival during fasting

A

Glucocorticoids

They increase gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Actions of cortisol that inference with inflammatory response

A
  1. Induces synthesis of lipocortin
  2. Inhibits production of interleukin-2 and proliferation of T lymphocytes
  3. Inhibits release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells and platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Glucocorticoids prevent hypoglycemia by

A

Decreasing utilization of glucose by muscles and adipose

Decreasing responsiveness of tissues to insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prolonged exposure to high glucocorticoids leads to

A

Diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Increase in use of glucose and increase of gluconeogenesis

A

Increase in glycogen storage in liver and muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Maintaining vascular responsiveness to catacholamines
Maintains normal blood pressure
26
Less cortisol=______ | More cortisol=_______
Hypotension Hypertension
27
Inhibition of bone formation
1. Decrease osteoblastic formation | 2. Decrease intestinal calcium absorption so the synthesis of type 1 collagen decreases
28
Increase in GFR
Causes vasodilation of afferent arterioles and increase in renal blood flow
29
Glucocorticoids effects on CNS
1. Decrease REM sleep 2. Increase slow wave sleep 3. Increase awake time 4. Large bursts of ACTH and cortisol just before waking up
30
Glucocorticoids effect on lung development in fetus
Maturation of alveoli and produces surfactant
31
Cortisol secretion is ____ and _____
Pulsatile and diurnal
32
Lowest secretory rates of cortisol occur
In the evening and after falling asleep
33
Highest secretory rates of cortisol occur
Before waking and in the morning
34
What converts cortisol to cortisone
11 beta hydroxysteroid
35
Cortisol is ____ and cortisone is _____
Active and inactive
36
Sesame that’s one suppression test
Determines cause of hypercortisolism (tumor of anterior pituitary or adrenal)
37
Inhibited of ACTH secretion
1. Increase blood cortisol levels 2. Opioids 3. Somatostatin
38
Stimulators of ACTH secretion
1. Decrease blood cortisol levels 2. Sleep-wake transition 3. Stress 4. Surgery 5. Trauma 6. Hypoglycemia 7. Psychiatric disturbances 8. ADH 9. Alpha and beta adernergic agonists 10. Serotonin
39
Major mineralcorticoids
Aldosterone
40
Synthesized in zona glomerulosa
Aldosterone
41
Other hormones with mineralcorticoids activity
11-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone
42
Regulation of aldosterone
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
43
ACTH has a tonic secondary effect on _______ secretion
Aldosterone
44
Excess aldosterone
1. Increase sodium reabsorption 2. Increase potassium and hydrogen excretion 3. Increase ECF volume 4. Hypertension 5. Hypokalemia 6. Metabolic alkalosis
45
Mineralcorticoid control of ECF volume
Decreases ECF volume
46
Mineralcorticoids control of plasma K+ concentration
Increases potassium concentration by increasing aldosterone secretion and potassium excretion by kidneys
47
Aldosterone deficiency
1. Decrease Sodium reabsorption 2. Decrease potassium and hydrogen excretion 3. Decrease ECF volume (contraction) 4. Hypotension 5. Hyperkalemia 6. Metabolic acidosis
48
Mineralcorticoids bind _______ and ______ with equal affinity
Cortisol and aldosterone
49
Why doesn’t cortisol overwhelm aldosterone mineralcorticoids since it’s concentration is 1000X higher than aldosterone?
Renal cells convert cortisol to cortisone with 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Cortisone has a low affinity for mineralcorticoid receptors Allows changes in blood levels of aldosterone to be seen in kidney, not masked by high levels of cortisol
50
Adrenal androgens in males play a ______ role
Play a minor role because de novo synthesis of testosterone in testes is greater
51
Adrenal androgens in females play a _____ role
Major, contributes to pubic and armpit hair and libido
52
2 adrenal hormones converted to testosterone in the testes
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione
53
Andrenogenital syndrome
Increases synthesis of adrenal androgens
54
High levels of DHEA and androstenedione result in
1. Masculinization in females (malformed genitalia) 2. Suppression of gonadal function in both sexes 3. Early development of pubic/auxiliary hair 4. Increased urinary levels of 17-ketosteroids
55
21 beta hydroxylase deficiency
Increase androgen production | Decreased mineraldcorticoid and glucocorticoids production
56
Addison’s disease
Primary adrenocortical insufficiency
57
Cushing’s syndrome
Primary adrenal hyperplasia
58
Cushing’s disease
Excess ACTH
59
Conn’s syndrome
Aldosterone secreting tumor
60
Autoimmmune disease of the entire adrenal cortex
Addison’s disease
61
Addison’s disease characteristics
- Decrease synthesis of all adrenocortical hormones (glucocoritcoids, mineralcorticoids, adrenal androgens in women) - Hyperpigmentation of the skin
62
Effect of decreased glucocorticoids in Addison’s disease
Hypoglycemia, anorexia, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, weakness
63
Decreased mineralcorticoids effects in Addison’s disease
Hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, hypotension
64
Effects of decreased adrenal androgens in women with Addison’s disease
Decreased pubic and auxiliary hair and decreased libido
65
Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency
- insufficient CRH - insufficient ACTH (mainly) - same symptoms as Addison’s except low ACTH levels and no hyperpigmentation
66
Adrenocortical insufficiency
- All organ systems go awry - Cause of death is circulatory collapse is secondary to sodium depletion - inadequate food intake, death from hypoglycemia
67
Chronic excess of glucocorticoids due to spontaneous overproduction by cortisol or pharmacological overdose
Cushing’s syndrome
68
Characteristics of Cushing’s syndrome
- Hyperglycemia - Increase muscle wasting - Decrease insulin sensitivity and greater tendency for fat mobilization
69
Physical characteristics of Cushing’s syndrome
``` -Fat in the face, shoulders, and abdomen (Moon face, buffalo hump,) -Striae -osteoporosis -poor wound healing -hypertension -menstrual disorders in females ```
70
Cushings Disease VS Cushing’s syndrome
In disease the ACTH is high
71
Primary hyperaldosteroinism is a characteristic of
Conn’s syndrome
72
Primary hyperaldosteronism
- caused by aldosterone secreting tumor - Increase ECF volume - Increase Sodium and water reabsorption - increase hydrogen excretion
73
Treatment of Conn’s syndrome
Sprinolactone (aldosterone antagonist) and surgical removal of the tumor
74
21 beta hydroxylase deficiency
Unable to make 11-deoxycorticosterone
75
Without 11-deoxycorticosterone
1. Adrenals cant produce mineralcorticoids or glucocorticoids 2. Increased production of adrenal androgens 3. High ACTH levels because no negative feedback with low cortisol
76
17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency
1. Decreased androgens and glucocorticoids 2. Increased 11-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone (mineralcorticoids) 3. Decreased aldosterone due to inhibited renin secretion (angiotensin II)
77
Adrenal medulla makes up ______ of adrenal gland
10-20%
78
Chromaffin cells have an affinity for
Chromium salts
79
Chromaffin cells are
Modified postganglionic neurons
80
Adrenal medulla is innervated by
Neurons from the intermediolateral horn cells in thoracolumbar spinal cord
81
Plays a crucial role in response to stress
Adrenal medulla
82
The adrenal medulla releases mostly
Epinephrine
83
How are 90% of catacholamines removed
Passage through most capillary beds
84
Medullary hormones effect on heart
Increase rate and force of contraction | Increase glycogenolysis
85
Medullary hormone effects on blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
86
Medullary hormone effect on adipose metabolism
In adipose | -increase lipolysis and blood FFA and glycerol
87
Increase glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and blood sugar
Medullary hormones on liver metabolism
88
Muscle metabolism changes due to medullary hormones
Increase glycogenolysis and lactate and pyruvate release
89
Metabolism changes due to medullary hormones on lungs, stomach, and skin
Lungs: dilation of bronchioles GI: inhibit peristalsis, increase sphincter contraction Skin: increase sweating

Endocrinology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions