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Endocrinology > Exam 2: GI Tract > Flashcards

Exam 2: GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Largest and most complex endocrine organ

A

GI tract

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2
Q

Percentage of cells of GI tract that secrete hormones

A

1%

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3
Q

Enteroendocrine cells interact extensively w/

A

ANS and ENS

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4
Q

GI tract is a ___ organ

A

Sensory

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5
Q

Gut NT

A

Catecholamines
ACh
Peptides

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6
Q

Peptides from neutrons and gut can act as

A

NT
Neurohormones
Neuromodulators

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7
Q

Vagus supplies para innervation to

A

Esophagus
Stomach
SI
Prox colon

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8
Q

Remainder of colon and rectum receive para supply from

A

Pelvic N from sacral cord levels

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9
Q

Hormonal stim of vagal afferents communicate w/ ____ w/out having to cross

A

Brain stem; BBB

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10
Q

2 forms of gastrin

A

Little — response to eating

Big — low levels btw meals

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11
Q

Gastrin is secreted by

A

G cells in antrum of stomach

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12
Q

Functions of gastrin

A

Promote H+ secretion — lowers pH — activates pepsinogen

Starts protein digestion

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13
Q

Stimuli of gastrin secretion

A

Products of protein digestion
Distention of stomach
Stim of vagus

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14
Q

Gastrin is inhibited by

A

Somatostatin

Low stomach pH

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15
Q

Excess gastrin causes

A

Inc H+ ion secretion

Hypertrophy of gastric mucosa

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16
Q

Deficiency of gastrin

A

Dec H+ secretion

Atrophy of gastric mucosa

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17
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

Gastrin secretion tumor “gastrinoma”

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18
Q

Gastrinoma frequently found in

A

Pancreas

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19
Q

Gastrinoma causes

A

Inc H+ secretion
Hypertrophy of stomach mucosa
Duodenal ulcers
Acidification of intestinal lumen

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20
Q

Treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

H2 receptor blockers
H+ pump inhibitors
Remove tumor

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21
Q

CCK coordinates and promotes

A

Fat digestion and absorption

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22
Q

CCK has some

A

Gastrin activity

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23
Q

CCK secreted by

A

I cells of duodenal and jejunal mucosa

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24
Q

CCK secreted in response to

A

MG and FA (NOT TGs)

Small peptides and AA

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25
Q

A meal containing ______ will stim release of CCK

A

Fat and protein

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26
Q

5 major actions of CCK

A
  1. Contract gallbladder
  2. Secrete pancreatic enzymes
  3. Secrete HCO3 from pancreas
  4. Tropic effect on pancreas and gall
  5. Inhibit gastric emptying
27
Q

Purpose of CCK contracting gallbladder

A

Ejects bile into lumen of SI

Bile emulsifies and solubilizes dietary lipids

28
Q

Pancreatic enzymes secreted in response to CCK

A

Lipases
Proteases
Amylase

29
Q

Purpose of inhibiting gastric emptying

A

Enhances fat digestion/absorption

30
Q

Secretin 50% homologous to

A

Glucagon

31
Q

Tertiary structure of secretin

A

Alpha helix

32
Q

Secretin is secreted by ___ in response to

A

S cells in duodenum; H+ and FA in SI

33
Q

Secretin promotes

A

Secretion of pancreatic and biliary HCO3

34
Q

Purpose of HCO3 secretion

A

Neutralize H+ in lumen of SI

Essential for fat digestion

35
Q

Secretin inhibits effects of

A

Gastrin

36
Q

GIP is secreted by

A

K cells in duodenal/jejunal mucosa

37
Q

Major effect of GIP

A

Stim of insulin

38
Q

GIP inhibits

A

Gastric H+ secretion (animals)

39
Q

GIP secreted in response to

A

All 3 types of nutrients

40
Q

Motilin is secreted from

A

Upper duodenum during fasting

41
Q

Motilin is responsible for

A

Migrating motility complex

42
Q

Motilin stimulates

A

Enzyme secretion by stomach and pancreas

Contraction of gallbladder

43
Q

GLP secreted by

A

L cells in intestinal mucosa

44
Q

GLP effects on liver

A

Inc glycogenolysis and GNG

45
Q

GLP-1 inhibits

A 
Glucagon secretion
Food intake
Patietal cells (dec H+)
46
Q

GLP-1 stimulates

A

Insulin secretion

D cells — secrete somatostatin

47
Q

GLP-1 slows

A

Gastric emptying

48
Q

GLP-2 trophic effect on

A

Intestinal mucosa — proliferation — inc surface area for absorption

49
Q

GLP-2 has no effects on

A

Insulin secretion

50
Q

GLP-2 decreases

A

Inflamm responses to bowel injury

51
Q

Ileal brake mechanism

A

Slow gastric/pancreas secretion, stomach emptying and intestinal motility

52
Q

GLP-1 and peptide YY feeds back on stomach in order to

A

Inc nutrient absorption

53
Q

Paracrine hormones in GI tract

A

Somatostatin

Histamine

54
Q

Histamine works synergistically with

A

Gastrin and ACh to stimulate H+ secretion

55
Q

ACh neurocrine actions

A

Contract smooth ms
Inc saliva
Inc gastric secretion
Inc pancreatic secretion

56
Q

NE neurocrine actions

A

Relax smooth ms
Contract sphincters
Inc saliva

57
Q

VIP neurocrine actions

A

Relax smooth ms
Inc intestinal secretion
Inc pancreatic secretion

58
Q

GRP neurocrine action

A

Inc gastrin secretion

59
Q

Enkephalins neurocrine actions

A

Contract smooth ms

Dec intestinal secretion

60
Q

Neuropeptide Y neurocrine actions

A

Relax smooth ms

Dec intestinal secretion

61
Q

Substance P neurocrine actions

A

Contract smooth ms

Inc salivary secretion

62
Q

Para neurocrines

A 
ACh
VIP
GRP
Enkephalins
Substance P
63
Q

Sym neurocrines

A

NE
Enkephalins
Neuropeptide Y

Endocrinology (11 decks)

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