Exam 2: Metabolism Flashcards by Sarah Kucza

Warm blood animals require constant supply of E to

Maintain body temp
Grow/reproduce
Fight to survive
Escape danger

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Constant supply of E achieved by storing _____ in ____

Carbs, protein, fats

Liver, adipose and skeletal muscle

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Body fuels

Glucose
Glycogen
Protein
Fat

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Major regulators of fuel homeostasis

Endocrine system and ANS

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Hormonal regulation works to ____ while keeping blood glucose levels constant to meet needs of

Provide E during exercise/starvation to active muscles

CNS and other glucose dependent tissues

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When deficient in carbs, glucose availability maintained by

GNG

Inhibit glucose utilization

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GNG uses _____ to make glucose

Lactate, glycerol, alanine

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Inhibiting glucose utilization, causes _____ to be used as energy source

FA, lactate, ketones

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Primary fuel hormones

Insulin
Epi
Cortisol
Glucagon
GH
T4
Leptin

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Principal target tissues

Adipose
Liver
Skeletal ms

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Most abundant and efficient E reserve

Fat

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When converting carbs to fat ___ of E is lost as heat

25%

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Synthesis of FA from glucose is

Irreversible

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___ required for degradation of fat but not glucose

Oxygen

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WBCs consume ___ of glucose/day and release equivalent amount of ___

50g

Lactate

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Lactate readily reconverted to glucose in

Liver

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Brain relies almost exclusively on glucose and consumes ____ glucose/day

150g

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Role of glia

Uptake glucose and convert to lactate

Neurons use lactate

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Kidneys are capable of ___ and may produce ____ of glucose during fasting

GNG

20-40%

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In acidosis, renal glucose production from glutamate accompanies production/excretion of

Ammonium

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In in FA to muscle limits

Glucose utilization

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Inc in glucose limits

FA utilization

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Depletion of E monitored as accumulation of

5’-AMP relative to ATP

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Inc in ratio of 5’-AMP to ATP activates

AMPK

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AMPK catalyzes reactions that

Amplify availability of metabolic fuels Dampen ATP consumption

In exercising muscle, translocation of GLUT4 into membrane is

Independent of insulin

AMPK on hypothalamus

Inc food intake

AMPK in skeletal muscle

Inc glucose transport Inc glycolysis Dec glycogen synthesis Inc FA oxidation

AMPK in liver

Dec FA synthesis Dec GNG Inc FA oxidation

AMPK in adipose

Dec lipolysis Dec FA esterification Dec FA synthesis

Effects of AMPK serve to

Inc E production | Dec E consumption

Hormone that dec blood glucose

Insulin

Hormones that inc blood glucose

Epi/NE Glucagon Cortisol GH

Dec BG stims pancreatic alpha cells to

Release glucagon

Dec BG stims neurons in hypothalamus and hindbrain to activate SNS in

Pancreatic islets Liver Adrenal medulla

SNS activation to islets

Stims glucagon | Inhibits insulin

SNS activation of liver

GNG

SNS activation to adrenal medulla

Inc blood born catecholamines (epi)

Dec BG stims CRH and GHRH to

Inc pituitary ACTH and GH

These hormones have synergistic effect to raise BG levels

Epi, glucagon, cortisol

____ more responsive to insulin than muscle and adipose

Liver

_____ is immediate source of BG

Liver glycogen

Insulin’s effect on the liver will inc

Glycogen synthesis Forcing glucose storage

Stim of ACTH causes

Cortisol release

Stim of GHRH causes

GH release (delayed)

Central event in adipose tissue metabolism

Cycly of FA esterification and TG lipolysis

Under basal conditions ___ of FA released are reesterified to TG

20%

SNS stims ___ which increases ___ which increased lipolysis

B receptors Cyclic AMP

NE/epi inhibit

Insulin secretion

NE/epi stimulate

Glucagon secretion

GH and cortisol ___ sensitivity of beta cells

Inc

Postprandial period

Processing of E rich substrates absorbed by intestines

Postabsorptive period insulin levels

Dec (lower glucose levels)

Postabsorptive period GH and cortisol

Secreted at low basal rates

Postabsorptive period blood FFA

Increase

In prolonged fasting ketogenesis driven by

Glucagon Form ketone bodies from FFA and give brain E substrate

Prolonged fasting cortisol level

Unchanged/slight dec

Initial fasting

Lipolysis inc and Breakdown of muscle protein stim GNG

Secretion of GH follows pulse pattern that is exaggerated during

Starvation

Individuals w/ GH deficiency may become

Hypoglycemic during fasting

Metabolic syndrome

Insulin resistance HTN Atherosclerosis

Adipocytes associated w/

Inflamm Hemostasis BP regulation

NPY, AGRP and MCH ____ appetite

Inc

CART and POMC ___ appetite

Dec

Adiposity signals

Monitor mass of adipose stores

Hormones that act as adiposity signals

Leptin Insulin Adipokines

Leptin concentrations in blood correlate w/

Body fat content

Examples of adipokines

TNF IL-6 Adiponectin

Peripheral satiety signals

Regulate fuel intake disposition

Hormone that promotes food intake

Ghrelin

Hormones that inhibit food intake

``` CCK GLP-1 Oxyntomodulin Peptide YY PP Amylin ```