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Endocrinology > Exam 2: Metabolism > Flashcards

Exam 2: Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Warm blood animals require constant supply of E to

A

Maintain body temp
Grow/reproduce
Fight to survive
Escape danger

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2
Q

Constant supply of E achieved by storing _____ in ____

A

Carbs, protein, fats

Liver, adipose and skeletal muscle

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3
Q

Body fuels

A

Glucose
Glycogen
Protein
Fat

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4
Q

Major regulators of fuel homeostasis

A

Endocrine system and ANS

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5
Q

Hormonal regulation works to ____ while keeping blood glucose levels constant to meet needs of

A

Provide E during exercise/starvation to active muscles

CNS and other glucose dependent tissues

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6
Q

When deficient in carbs, glucose availability maintained by

A

GNG

Inhibit glucose utilization

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7
Q

GNG uses _____ to make glucose

A

Lactate, glycerol, alanine

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8
Q

Inhibiting glucose utilization, causes _____ to be used as energy source

A

FA, lactate, ketones

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9
Q

Primary fuel hormones

A 
Insulin
Epi
Cortisol
Glucagon
GH
T4
Leptin
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10
Q

Principal target tissues

A

Adipose
Liver
Skeletal ms

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11
Q

Most abundant and efficient E reserve

A

Fat

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12
Q

When converting carbs to fat ___ of E is lost as heat

A

25%

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13
Q

Synthesis of FA from glucose is

A

Irreversible

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14
Q

___ required for degradation of fat but not glucose

A

Oxygen

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15
Q

WBCs consume ___ of glucose/day and release equivalent amount of ___

A

50g

Lactate

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16
Q

Lactate readily reconverted to glucose in

A

Liver

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17
Q

Brain relies almost exclusively on glucose and consumes ____ glucose/day

A

150g

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18
Q

Role of glia

A

Uptake glucose and convert to lactate

Neurons use lactate

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19
Q

Kidneys are capable of ___ and may produce ____ of glucose during fasting

A

GNG

20-40%

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20
Q

In acidosis, renal glucose production from glutamate accompanies production/excretion of

A

Ammonium

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21
Q

In in FA to muscle limits

A

Glucose utilization

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22
Q

Inc in glucose limits

A

FA utilization

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23
Q

Depletion of E monitored as accumulation of

A

5’-AMP relative to ATP

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24
Q

Inc in ratio of 5’-AMP to ATP activates

A

AMPK

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25
Q

AMPK catalyzes reactions that

A

Amplify availability of metabolic fuels

Dampen ATP consumption

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26
Q

In exercising muscle, translocation of GLUT4 into membrane is

A

Independent of insulin

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27
Q

AMPK on hypothalamus

A

Inc food intake

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28
Q

AMPK in skeletal muscle

A

Inc glucose transport
Inc glycolysis
Dec glycogen synthesis
Inc FA oxidation

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29
Q

AMPK in liver

A

Dec FA synthesis
Dec GNG
Inc FA oxidation

30
Q

AMPK in adipose

A

Dec lipolysis
Dec FA esterification
Dec FA synthesis

31
Q

Effects of AMPK serve to

A

Inc E production

Dec E consumption

32
Q

Hormone that dec blood glucose

A

Insulin

33
Q

Hormones that inc blood glucose

A

Epi/NE
Glucagon
Cortisol
GH

34
Q

Dec BG stims pancreatic alpha cells to

A

Release glucagon

35
Q

Dec BG stims neurons in hypothalamus and hindbrain to activate SNS in

A

Pancreatic islets
Liver
Adrenal medulla

36
Q

SNS activation to islets

A

Stims glucagon

Inhibits insulin

37
Q

SNS activation of liver

A

GNG

38
Q

SNS activation to adrenal medulla

A

Inc blood born catecholamines (epi)

39
Q

Dec BG stims CRH and GHRH to

A

Inc pituitary ACTH and GH

40
Q

These hormones have synergistic effect to raise BG levels

A

Epi, glucagon, cortisol

41
Q

____ more responsive to insulin than muscle and adipose

A

Liver

42
Q

_____ is immediate source of BG

A

Liver glycogen

43
Q

Insulin’s effect on the liver will inc

A

Glycogen synthesis

Forcing glucose storage

44
Q

Stim of ACTH causes

A

Cortisol release

45
Q

Stim of GHRH causes

A

GH release (delayed)

46
Q

Central event in adipose tissue metabolism

A

Cycly of FA esterification and TG lipolysis

47
Q

Under basal conditions ___ of FA released are reesterified to TG

A

20%

48
Q

SNS stims ___ which increases ___ which increased lipolysis

A

B receptors

Cyclic AMP

49
Q

NE/epi inhibit

A

Insulin secretion

50
Q

NE/epi stimulate

A

Glucagon secretion

51
Q

GH and cortisol ___ sensitivity of beta cells

A

Inc

52
Q

Postprandial period

A

Processing of E rich substrates absorbed by intestines

53
Q

Postabsorptive period insulin levels

A

Dec (lower glucose levels)

54
Q

Postabsorptive period GH and cortisol

A

Secreted at low basal rates

55
Q

Postabsorptive period blood FFA

A

Increase

56
Q

In prolonged fasting ketogenesis driven by

A

Glucagon

Form ketone bodies from FFA and give brain E substrate

57
Q

Prolonged fasting cortisol level

A

Unchanged/slight dec

58
Q

Initial fasting

A

Lipolysis inc and Breakdown of muscle protein stim GNG

59
Q

Secretion of GH follows pulse pattern that is exaggerated during

A

Starvation

60
Q

Individuals w/ GH deficiency may become

A

Hypoglycemic during fasting

61
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

Insulin resistance
HTN
Atherosclerosis

62
Q

Adipocytes associated w/

A

Inflamm
Hemostasis
BP regulation

63
Q

NPY, AGRP and MCH ____ appetite

A

Inc

64
Q

CART and POMC ___ appetite

A

Dec

65
Q

Adiposity signals

A

Monitor mass of adipose stores

66
Q

Hormones that act as adiposity signals

A

Leptin
Insulin
Adipokines

67
Q

Leptin concentrations in blood correlate w/

A

Body fat content

68
Q

Examples of adipokines

A

TNF
IL-6
Adiponectin

69
Q

Peripheral satiety signals

A

Regulate fuel intake disposition

70
Q

Hormone that promotes food intake

A

Ghrelin

71
Q

Hormones that inhibit food intake

A 
CCK
GLP-1
Oxyntomodulin
Peptide YY
PP
Amylin

Endocrinology (11 decks)

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