exam 3 / quiz 6

Question 1

anatomy

Answer 1

study of structure

Question 2

physiology

Answer 2

study of function

Question 3

4 types of tissues

Answer 3

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 4

epithelial

Answer 4

covers + lines all organs + animals
- simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, squamous

Question 5

connective

Answer 5

connects organs/ organ systems
ex. bone adipose(fat cells), blood, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

Question 6

muscle

Answer 6

striated - involuntary contractions aka skeletal
cardiac - heart more white space / branching + intercolated disks(help coordinate contractions)
smooth - involuntary contractions, looks pink + purple

Question 7

nervous

Answer 7

response to external/internal stimuli

Question 8

cell connection (2)

Answer 8

endocrine and synaptic

Question 9

signaling cell

Answer 9

synthesizes + secretes a signaling molecule (ligand)

Question 10

target cell

Answer 10

receives signal + transduces signal + respond to signal w/ signal specific receptor

Question 11

endocrine signaling

Answer 11

signaling cell —–> blood stream —-> target cell
signaling cell found in two places: endocrine glands (no ducts) and exocrine glands (w ducts, specific)

Question 12

synaptic signaling

Answer 12

signal cell = neuron
cell body sends signals to target cell.
neurotransmitter ex. melatonin, serotonin

Question 13

blood glucose levels (negative feedback loop)

Answer 13

stimuli: high blood glucose
signal cell: pancreas (b-islet)
signal: insulin
target cell: liver and body cells
response: uptake glucose—>glycogen —> blood glucose levels and uptake glucose —> ATP

stimuli: low blood glucose
signal cell: pancreas
signal: glycogen
target cell: liver
response: breaks down glycogen —> glucose + releases into blood –> makes blood glucose go up

Question 14

danger(negative feedback loop)

Answer 14

stimuli: danger
signal cell: adrenal glands
signal: epinephrine
target cell: liver + blood vessels in your digestive track + blood vessels of muscle
response: releases glucose + blood glucose level = up / constrict + reduce blood flow to digestive track / dilatate + increase blood to muscles

stimuli: return to normal
signal cell: adrenal glands
signal: nor-epinephrine
target cell: blood vessels - digestive + muscles
response: dilatate + increase blood flow / constrict + lower blood flow

Question 15

body temp (negative feedback loop)

Answer 15

stimuli: high body temp
signal cell: brain (hypothalamus sensors)
signal: n/a
target cell: blood vessels dilatate (lose heat + sweat glands)
response: heat loss = body temp lowered

stimuli: low body temp
signal cell: hypothalamic sensor
signal: n/a
target cell: activate contractions of striatal muscles (shivering) blood vessels constrict = retain heat
response: more heat

Question 16

birth (positive feedback loop)

Answer 16

stimuli: baby pushing against cervix
signal cell: brain (posterior pituitary gland)
signal: oxytocin
target cell: smooth muscles of uterus
response: contract

Question 17

Positive feedback loop

Answer 17

gets us to a point

Question 18

Negative feedback loop

Answer 18

maintains homeostatis

Question 19

animal energy

Answer 19

herbivores - plants “only” ex. cows
omnivores - plants + animals ex. pig/human
carnivores - animals “only” ex.bears

Question 20

vitamins / mineral

Answer 20

vitamins = organic
minerals = inorganic

Question 21

(3)diet must supply…

Answer 21

1. energy (cellular respiration)
2. organic molecules (monomers)
3. essential nutrients
   - ex. methionine - amino acid and linoleic acid - essential fatty acid for phospholipid layer

Question 22

4 steps of food processing

Answer 22

1. ingestion (food)
2. digestion
3. absorption of nutrients
4. elimination of undigestibles

Question 22

ingestion

Answer 22

food through mouth

Question 23

digestion

Answer 23

mechanical - teeth + chewing
chemical (hydrolysis) liver aids, gallbladder stores what liver made.
- amylase (made by salivary glands)
- hydrolysis, breakdown of polymers –> monomers by addition of h2o
(bolus) –> via esophagus –> stomach –> mech: peristalsis (smooth muscles contract) of smooth muscle
chem: via gastric juices
production starts w/ gastrin
chief cells - make pepsinogen (inactive) —> active enzyme - peps

Question 24

absorption of nutrients

Answer 24

in small intestine which is highly folded and has villi + microvilli to increase surface area.
- via active + passive transport into blood, before blood goes into the body —> liver (detox)

Question 25

elimination of undigestables

Answer 25

large intestine, last part of colon –> h20 recovery - houses “good” bacteria –> synthesizes vitamin k

Question 26

regulation of consumption (4)

Answer 26

1. ghrelin - released by stomach acts on brain (tells you are hungry)
2. insulin - released by pancreas –> body cells(muscles cells) + liver cells
3. leptin - released by adipose cells on brain (stop)
4. incretin - released by stomach acts on pancreas (insulin)