exam 3 Flashcards
osmoregulation
homeostasis of water levels in body
excretory system
deals w/remain of nitrogenous waste products
nitrogenous waste
breakdown of proteins + nucleic acids
fishes = ammonia (easy to make but toxic)
mammals = urea (harder to make - less toxic)
birds = uric acid (harder to make - lose less water/less toxic)
4 steps of excretory system
- filtration of blood fluid = plasma
- reabsorption of nutrients (good) back into bloodstream
- secrete waste products into filtrate
4.excrete urine (filtered blood fluid - bad)
(draw kidney)
whats in filtrate?
(draw nephron)
h20?
salts?
hco3- + h+ = stay
urea + go
glucose, amino acids = stay
some drugs - go
osmolarity
measured concentration of a solution
solute + solvent = solution
(h20) = aqueous solution
up solute = osmolarity up = low solvent
low solute = osmolarity - high solvent
osmolarity (neg feedback loop)
stimulus: up osmolarity
signal cell: hypothalamus in brain - trigger posterior pituitary gland
signal: ADH (aka vasopressin –> antidiuretic hormone)
target cell: collecting duct nephron (keep h20)
response: low osmolarity dur to high solvent
blood pressure (neg feedback loop)
stimulus: low BP
signal cell: kidneys
signal: renin
target cell: liver
response: angiotensinogen
then,
signal: angiotensin i
target cell: lungs
response: makes angiotensin converting enzyme
then,
signal: angiotensin ii
–> adrenal gland
—> makes aldosterone
—> tells collecting duct to
keep water
—> higher blood
pressure
target cell: blood vessels
response: constrict blood vessels, higher blood pressure
immune system
patrols, searches, and destroys foreign cells.
infection != disease unless….
- infection exposure is high
- pathogens has strong virulence (ability of pathogen to cause disease)
- immunity is compromised
2 types of immune system
Innate
- born with
- non specific
- fast
- invertebrates/vertebrates
Acquired
- born with + acquire through exposure to pathogens
(ancestral exposure to pathogens) - milk from mammary glands
- specific
- slower to respond
- vertebrates
innate immunity (4)
- first line of defense, prevent pathogens from entering body.
- cellular defense, leukocytes
- complement system = 30 circulating in active proteins
- inflammatory response, nonspecific, local response to an injury/infection to prevent the spread
first line of defense
prevent pathogens from entering body.
physical | ex. skin, mucus membranes
interior| saliva /tears - antibacterial enzymes
stomach acids - gastric juices maintain low pH that is inhospitable
“good” bacteria in gut compete w/ pathogens
cellular defense, leukocytes
phagocytic leukocytes - destroy pathogens by phagocytosis (cellular eating, lysosome –> eat it –> byebye)
1. neutrophils - most abundant
2. monocytes - travels in blood stream
3. macrophages - travels in tissues
monocytes + macrophages = same
cytotoxic leukocytes - destroy pathogens with toxins.
1. natural killer cells (NK cells) destroy infected (virally tumor) body cells.
2. enzymatic leukocytes
- ex. eosinophils - specific to parasitic worm infections (release enzymes that degrade pathogen)
complement system
= 30 circulating in active proteins
activated by exposure to pathogen or by acquired immune system (when activated they accumulate at the pathogen + destroy it by perforations)
inflammatory response
non-specific, non response to an injury/infection to prevent the spread
response - redness, heat, edema(swelling), pus
a. injury
b. blood vessel dilation (redness), allow more immune cells into area
c. platelets into area for clotting (edema/swelling) - monocytes escaping blood vessels crawl into tissues –> macrophages
d. phagocytic leukocytes (heat, pus), eat pathogens
* release pyrogens - chemical signals that tell brain to higher body temp (fevers)
recognizing foreign cells - through a “negative test”
identity markers - mark cells as “self”
MHCL - major histocompatibility complex
marker present = self
marker absent = foreign
acquired immunity
2 leukocytes = lymphocytes
- B cells = pathogens in body fluids, differentiate/mature in bone marrow
- T cells = infected self cells, differentiate in thymus
antigen - protein on surface of pathogen
antigen receptor - receptor for antigen on B or T cells
(draw b + t cells)
B cells (3 steps)
- recognize pathogens - directly w/variable region an antigen receptor, undergoes clonal selection (mitosis of that specific B cell)
mitosis - effector cells, shed anti-receptor
memory cells, keep antigen
receptor - attack w/antibodies aka immunoglobins
- neutralize pathogen
- agglutinate (clump) pathogen
- cause macrophages to come to scene
- activate complement system
- activate NK cells
- remember - memory cells
T cells (3 cells)
- recognize pathogen, indirectly via APC’s (antigen presenting cells) ex. macrophages
(draw apc cell) - attack, 3 types
- helper T-cells, activate other immune cells w/signals
- cytotoxic T-cells, lyse open pathogens w/ performs (proteins that poke holes)
- regulating/suppressor T-cells, shut down response. - remember - memory cells
When immunity goes wrong…
allergies, immune reaction to nonpathogens
autoimmune disorders, immune system attacks own cells
ex. eczema
psoriasis
