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Cognitive Psychology > Exam 3 (Psycholinguistics) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Psycholinguistics) Flashcards

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1
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

the study of language as it is learned and used

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2
Q

What is restricted context?

A
  • In non-human languages (e.g. dogs, apes, bees), communication is predictable
  • non-humans don’t naturally combine sounds or gestures into sentences
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3
Q

What are the 5 criterion of language?

A
  1. semanticity
  2. generative
  3. displacement
  4. structure via rules
  5. arbitrariness
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4
Q

semanticity

A

language conveys meaning

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5
Q

Generative/productive

A

finite number of sounds -> unlimited number or words -> infinite number of sentences

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6
Q

Displacement

A

Can convey info about another time and/or place

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7
Q

Structure via rules

A

things you are and aren’t supposed to say, grammar

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8
Q

arbitrariness

A

sounds and written symbols are both arbitrary in meaning (e.g. a giraffe is a giraffe because we assigned it that name)

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9
Q

What are the 3 components of spoken language?

A

Phonemes, morphemes, and grammar

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10
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit of sound that affects meaning
sound units we need to get in the right order to understand the meaning of words
Ex. difference between /p/ie and /d/ie

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11
Q

How many phonemes are there in English? Is it a large amount?

A

44, no

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12
Q

Phonemes can produce ____ perception

A

categorical

e.g. /ba/ and /ga/ gradient, jumping from one phoneme to another (as opposed to continuous)

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13
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest meaningful units

e.g. “s” = makes things plural

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14
Q

Grammar

A

Rules of lanugage

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15
Q

What are the 3 components of grammar?

A

Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics

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16
Q

Syntax

A

rules for combining morphemes (e.g. English - red house, Spanish - casa roja)

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17
Q

Semantics

A

rules of meaning

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18
Q

Pragmatics

A

social rules of language use

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19
Q

What 4 things must an acceptable set of grammar rules accomplish?

A
  1. generate acceptable sentences
  2. reject unacceptable sentences
  3. explain why different sentences or phrases can have the same meaning
  4. explain ambiguity
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20
Q

Structural ambiguity

A

e.g. the rat is too hot to eat

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21
Q

Lexical ambiguity

A

words with multiple meanings

22
Q

Transformational grammar

A

surface structure (words, sentences) vs deep structure (meaning)

23
Q

____ connects surface structure to deep

A

comprehension

24
Q

____ connects deep to surface

A

production

25
Q

If you have lexical ambiguity, you can convert it into (one/many) deep structure(s)

A

many

26
Q

what’s an example of when the same deep structure can produce multiple surface structures?

A

the boy was hit by the ball, the boy hit the ball, what the boy hit was the ball

27
Q

In grammar ___ > ___ (performance, competence)

A

competence > performance

28
Q

Knowledge of grammar is ___.

A

Tacit

29
Q

Language comprehension is negatively affected by: (4 things)

A
  1. negatives
  2. nested phrases (Declaration of Independence)
  3. passive voice (Mary was kissed by Sam)
  4. ambiguity
30
Q

What are the 3 theories on relationships between thought and language? Which are correct and incorrect?

A
  1. Language is required for thought (wrong)
  2. Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (sometimes true)
  3. Language depends on cognition (true)
31
Q

What is supporting evidence of “language is required for thought”

A

thinking often -> subvocal speech

Deaf may sign during sleep

32
Q

What refutes the language required for thought hypothesis?

A
  • problem-solving animals
  • abilities of humans without language (ex. babies)
  • abstract thought and memory (ex. Hillary with a mustache)
  • full paralysis through drugs - brain works without body
33
Q

What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

A

One’s native language determines or influences the way the world is perceived, organized, and understood.

34
Q

What supports the hypothesis that language depends on cognition?

A
  • thought precedes language (object permanence)
  • highly differentiated terms for category only occur if category is significant for users (e.g. snow, rice)
  • languages tend to evolve to reflect cognitively important variation (e.g. “touch screen iPhone”)
35
Q

T/F every phoneme has a unique manner of production

A

T

36
Q

What do speech spectograms reveal?

A

formants (bands of speech energy)

37
Q

Word segmentation problem

A

if we don’t know something about the language, we can’t tell where one word starts and one stops - we only know where they stop because we know words
- e.g. misunderstood lyrics

38
Q

T/f speech sounds are discrete

A

F

39
Q

Parallel transmission

A

temporal overlap in production of neighboring phonemes -> phonemes cannot usually be segmented
- articulating sounds for two phonemes at same time

40
Q

What affects speech perception?

A

age and sex
dialect
mood
talking speed

41
Q

Phonemic context effect

A

phonemes are context-sensitive: acoustics differ depending on surroundings phonemes
- direction and form of formant transitions that give rise to the percept of the same consonant differ as a function of the vowel consonant

42
Q

Speech is segmentable T/F

A

F

43
Q

understanding words often requires ___ ___

A

speech context

44
Q

Phonemic Restoration Effect

A

testing the ability of people to detect that a phoneme is missing

  • cough sounds - nothing missing
  • context came after, people remembered hearing wheel/heel
45
Q

What are the theories of speech perception? (2)

A
  1. acoustic features theories

2. motor theory

46
Q

Acoustic feature theories

A

we detect sequences of phonemes, each of which has unique and consistent acoustic properties
- not possible

47
Q

Motor theory

A

speech perception involves decoding the manner of production

* detect the intended gestures

48
Q

What findings support motor theory?

A
  • each phoneme (sound) has unique manner of production
  • seeing lips helps comprehension
  • McGurk effect
  • brain has specialized areas
  • bimodal perception
49
Q

McGurk Effect

A

visual appearance of a speaker can influence your perception

50
Q

Bimodal perception

A

poor speech quality can be processed and perceived as either sounds or speech
- same acoustic stimulus (computer recording), likely won’t recognize it’s speech until someone tells you it is

Cognitive Psychology (15 decks)

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