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Cognitive Psychology > Exam 1 Part 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What three processes does remembering require?

A
  1. acquisition/encoding
  2. retention “storage”
  3. retrieval
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2
Q

What is explicit/declarative memory?

A

facts and experiences, can be recalled by conscious effort and reported verbally

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3
Q

What is cued recall? uncued? (explicit)

A

signal or aid present

ex. giving a synonym, first letter

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4
Q

What is free recall? (explicit)

A

in any order

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5
Q

What is serial recall? (explicit)

A

In a particular order

ex. telephone number
- clustering: subjectively reorganized, people will categorize based on what makes sense (professions, fruits, furniture)

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6
Q

What is recognition? (explicit)

A

recognize something right in front of you

ex. multiple choice test and choosing the right answer

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7
Q

What is relearning? (explicit)

A 
measure saving in time or trials for remasters
ex. taking a spanish class in high school and it coming back more quickly when you take a college course
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8
Q

What is implicit (implied) memory?

A

memories without awareness; previous experience influences performance on tasks that do not require explicit memory
-generally LTM

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9
Q

T/F factors affecting explicit memory (drugs) may have little effect on implicit memory and vice versa (dissociation)?

A

true

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10
Q

How did Ebbinghaus do a study on memory?

A
  • first scientific study of memory
  • invented CVC nonsense syllable
  • tested relearning following complete mastery
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11
Q

What were Ebbinghaus’s findings?

A
  • a short list can be mastered in one trial
  • spacing effect: better memory from studying over time
  • increased retention interval, Forgetting Curve (60% is lost in first 20 minutes)
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12
Q

What is the modal model of memory? (Information Processing)

A

input -> sensory memory -> STM -> LTM

  • attention req to move from sensory to STM
  • encoding gets it from STM to LTM
  • retrieval gets it back from LTM to STM
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13
Q

What is the Stage Theory?

A

persistence of memories depends on which memory “store” is used

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14
Q

What are the 3 stages of the Stage Theory?

A
  1. sensory memory: brief and fragile (iconic and echoic)
  2. short-term memory
  3. LTM
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15
Q

What are the three modalities of sensory memory?

A

iconic, echoic, haptic

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16
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

believed to be initial repository of info from the senses

  • info is either transferred (if attended to and processed or erased) or forgotten
  • allows us to hold unprocessed information for a moment until we have time to process or attend to it
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17
Q

What is iconic sensory memory?

A

visual
- can be seen in an instant (~50ms)
Span of apprehension ~=4-5 letters
-Partial Report technique reveals larger span

18
Q

What is the Partial Report Technique?

A

letters flash, signal a tone, report row signal indivated

-can report ~3 letters on average, people hold things in memory very briefly

19
Q

How long does sensory memory last?

A

200-500ms

20
Q

Why is iconic memory important?

A

“matching” of information to see if anything has changed

21
Q

How long does echoic memory last? Why is it important?

A

~3s

important for speech preparation

22
Q

How long does STM last vs. LTM?

A

STM: 18-25s
LTM: years-permanent

23
Q

What is the difference in capacity STM vs LTM?

A

STM: 7+-2 “chunks”, “memory span”
LTM: unlimited

24
Q

What is the difference in maintenance STM vs LTM?

A

STM: rehearsal
LTM: use (use it or lose it)

25
Q

What is the difference in retrieval STM vs. LTM?

A

STM: Rapid and ~immune to retrieval failures
LTM: slower and subject to retrieval failures

26
Q

What findings were used as evidence to the Traditional Stage Theory? (2)

A
  • STM declines quickly without rehearsal

- Serial Position Curve: better memory for items at the beginning and end of lists (Primacy and Recency)

27
Q

What are the problems with the Traditional Stage Theory? (3)

A

1) duration for LTM is continuously variable - some things we remember for 5s, some for 5 years
2) capacity (memory span): 7+-2 can be increased by
- chunking (semantic)
- practice
- using material that can be pronounced quickly
3) rehearsal: role in consolidation of memories unclear, but repetition is neither necessary nor sufficient for LTM

28
Q

What is the current view on memory?

A
  1. two or more types of fragile, temporary active memory (working memory)
    - ex subtracting by 3, remember the number you were at, calculate, what the new number is
  2. more permanent LTM
29
Q

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin “traditional” stage model of memory

A

material in STM is fragile and likely to be lost unless it is rehearsed

30
Q

What is working memory?

A

A limited capacity, temporary memory system able to simultaneously store and manipulate info
*activated memory

31
Q

What has a high correlation with IQ and predicts the ability to learn?

A

Working memory

32
Q

What are the components of working memory?

A
  1. phonological loop
  2. visuospatial sketchpad
  3. central executive
33
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

Provides (subvocal) articulation

  • language acquisition
  • memory span
34
Q

What does the phonological loop predict?

A
  1. word-length effect
  2. acoustic similarity effect
  3. irrelevant speech effect
  4. articulatory suppression
35
Q

What is the word-length effect?

A

memory span tends to decrease as pronunciation time increases
ex. list of countries - long names harder to remember

36
Q

What is the acoustic similarity effect?

A

words that sound similar are easily confused, as opposed to words that sound different

37
Q

What is irrelevant speech effect?

A

immediate recall of short lists of items is impaired by irrelevant speech during encoding or retreival

38
Q

What is articulatory suppression?

A

disrupted by concurrent verbal or vocal activity (ex. saying la-la-la); cannot rehearse things or use the phonological loop even with simple task
-prevents conversion of visual material to verbal material

39
Q

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

A
  • can hold and manipulate visual and spatial images

- disrupted by concurrent visual or spatial activity (ex. tracking a moving spot with a stylus)

40
Q

What is the central executive?

A

a “command-and-control center”

  • integrates info from phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad - links them to LTM
  • attentional controller

Cognitive Psychology (15 decks)

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