Exam 1 Part 2 Flashcards
What three processes does remembering require?
- acquisition/encoding
- retention “storage”
- retrieval
What is explicit/declarative memory?
facts and experiences, can be recalled by conscious effort and reported verbally
What is cued recall? uncued? (explicit)
signal or aid present
ex. giving a synonym, first letter
What is free recall? (explicit)
in any order
What is serial recall? (explicit)
In a particular order
ex. telephone number
- clustering: subjectively reorganized, people will categorize based on what makes sense (professions, fruits, furniture)
What is recognition? (explicit)
recognize something right in front of you
ex. multiple choice test and choosing the right answer
What is relearning? (explicit)
measure saving in time or trials for remasters ex. taking a spanish class in high school and it coming back more quickly when you take a college course
What is implicit (implied) memory?
memories without awareness; previous experience influences performance on tasks that do not require explicit memory
-generally LTM
T/F factors affecting explicit memory (drugs) may have little effect on implicit memory and vice versa (dissociation)?
true
How did Ebbinghaus do a study on memory?
- first scientific study of memory
- invented CVC nonsense syllable
- tested relearning following complete mastery
What were Ebbinghaus’s findings?
- a short list can be mastered in one trial
- spacing effect: better memory from studying over time
- increased retention interval, Forgetting Curve (60% is lost in first 20 minutes)
What is the modal model of memory? (Information Processing)
input -> sensory memory -> STM -> LTM
- attention req to move from sensory to STM
- encoding gets it from STM to LTM
- retrieval gets it back from LTM to STM
What is the Stage Theory?
persistence of memories depends on which memory “store” is used
What are the 3 stages of the Stage Theory?
- sensory memory: brief and fragile (iconic and echoic)
- short-term memory
- LTM
What are the three modalities of sensory memory?
iconic, echoic, haptic
What is sensory memory?
believed to be initial repository of info from the senses
- info is either transferred (if attended to and processed or erased) or forgotten
- allows us to hold unprocessed information for a moment until we have time to process or attend to it
What is iconic sensory memory?
visual
- can be seen in an instant (~50ms)
Span of apprehension ~=4-5 letters
-Partial Report technique reveals larger span
What is the Partial Report Technique?
letters flash, signal a tone, report row signal indivated
-can report ~3 letters on average, people hold things in memory very briefly
How long does sensory memory last?
200-500ms
Why is iconic memory important?
“matching” of information to see if anything has changed
How long does echoic memory last? Why is it important?
~3s
important for speech preparation
How long does STM last vs. LTM?
STM: 18-25s
LTM: years-permanent
What is the difference in capacity STM vs LTM?
STM: 7+-2 “chunks”, “memory span”
LTM: unlimited
What is the difference in maintenance STM vs LTM?
STM: rehearsal
LTM: use (use it or lose it)
What is the difference in retrieval STM vs. LTM?
STM: Rapid and ~immune to retrieval failures
LTM: slower and subject to retrieval failures
What findings were used as evidence to the Traditional Stage Theory? (2)
- STM declines quickly without rehearsal
- Serial Position Curve: better memory for items at the beginning and end of lists (Primacy and Recency)
What are the problems with the Traditional Stage Theory? (3)
1) duration for LTM is continuously variable - some things we remember for 5s, some for 5 years
2) capacity (memory span): 7+-2 can be increased by
- chunking (semantic)
- practice
- using material that can be pronounced quickly
3) rehearsal: role in consolidation of memories unclear, but repetition is neither necessary nor sufficient for LTM
What is the current view on memory?
- two or more types of fragile, temporary active memory (working memory)
- ex subtracting by 3, remember the number you were at, calculate, what the new number is - more permanent LTM
In the Atkinson-Shiffrin “traditional” stage model of memory
material in STM is fragile and likely to be lost unless it is rehearsed
What is working memory?
A limited capacity, temporary memory system able to simultaneously store and manipulate info
*activated memory
What has a high correlation with IQ and predicts the ability to learn?
Working memory
What are the components of working memory?
- phonological loop
- visuospatial sketchpad
- central executive
What is the phonological loop?
Provides (subvocal) articulation
- language acquisition
- memory span
What does the phonological loop predict?
- word-length effect
- acoustic similarity effect
- irrelevant speech effect
- articulatory suppression
What is the word-length effect?
memory span tends to decrease as pronunciation time increases
ex. list of countries - long names harder to remember
What is the acoustic similarity effect?
words that sound similar are easily confused, as opposed to words that sound different
What is irrelevant speech effect?
immediate recall of short lists of items is impaired by irrelevant speech during encoding or retreival
What is articulatory suppression?
disrupted by concurrent verbal or vocal activity (ex. saying la-la-la); cannot rehearse things or use the phonological loop even with simple task
-prevents conversion of visual material to verbal material
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
- can hold and manipulate visual and spatial images
- disrupted by concurrent visual or spatial activity (ex. tracking a moving spot with a stylus)
What is the central executive?
a “command-and-control center”
- integrates info from phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad - links them to LTM
- attentional controller
