Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology 1 > Exam 3: Pigmentations and Tissue Deposits > Flashcards

Exam 3: Pigmentations and Tissue Deposits Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 categories of pigments

A
  1. Endogenous

2. Exogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 categories of Endogenous pigments

A
  1. Haematogenous
  2. Melanin
  3. Lipofuscin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 types of Haematogenous pigments

A
  1. Haemoglobin
  2. Bilirubin
  3. Haemosiderin
  4. Porphyrins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 exogenous pigments

A
  1. Carbon/Dust
  2. Carotenoids
  3. Tetracyclines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Haemoglobin is normally ___ when bound to O2

A

Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Leakage of hemoglobin from RBCs

A

Hemoglobin imbibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Carbon monoxide toxicity is usually what color?

A

Cherry red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is carbon monoxide toxicity red?

A

Carboxyhaemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nitrate poisoning is usually what color and why?

A

chocolate brown, due to oxidation of haem group to methaemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cyanide toxicity?

A

venous hemoglobin retains O2 due to cyanide binding cytochrome oxidase and is the same color as arterial blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the normal cascade of hemoglobin cataboslim?

A
  1. RBC removed from circ. by spleenic macrophages
  2. Fe and globin recycled leaving haem
  3. Haem is enzymatically converted to bilirubin
  4. Insoluble bilirubin bound to albumin and transported to liver
  5. Liver removes bilirubin from blood and conjugates with glucuronic acid
  6. secreted in bile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why does the liver conjugate bilirubin with glucuronic acid

A

to make soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Unconjugated bilirubin is carried by ____ to the liver

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

too much bilirubin in the blood

A

hyperbilirubinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When bilirubinemia is greater than ___ you will get yellow staining of tissues

A

2mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inc. bilirubin in tissues

A

Jaundice/icterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F. If you see an animal with jaundice, you can assume it is liver failure

A

F. Jaundice Does NOT only indicate liver dz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What 3 things can processing of bilirubin be affected by?

A
  1. Inc. RBC breakdown
  2. Dec. Hepatocyte function
  3. Blockage of Bile duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 clinical classifications of jaundice

A
  1. Prehepatic (hemolytic)
  2. Hepatic (hepatocellular)
  3. Posthepatic (obstructive)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the cause of prehepatic jaundice?

A

Inc. RBC breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of jaundice is being described:

Bilirubin production from haemolysed RBCS exceeds hepatocellular uptake.

A

Prehepatic jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Inc. RBC breakdown

A

Hemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two types of hemolysis

A
  1. extravascular lysis

2. intravascular lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where does extravascular lysis of RBCs occur?

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Dam. tissues (bruise)
  3. chronically congested tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is intravascular lysis

A

Dam. of RBC in circ. causing release of free hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What transports free hemoglobin?

A

haptoglobins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Excess unbound hemoglobin in circ.

A

hemoglobinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hemoglobinaemia overspills into kidney where it is toxic and detectable in urine

A

hemoglobinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Splenomegaly is an ex. of Extra/Intra vascular lysis

A

Extravascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Type of hemolysis where hemoglobin is not free in blood to be filtered by the kideny

A

Extravascular hemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Type of hemolysis where hemoglobin is filtered by the kidney

A

intravascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 3 common types of hemolytic anemia

A
  1. infectious
  2. Toxic
  3. Immune Mediated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is an ex. of infectious hemolytic anemia

A

Babesia in cattle

mycoplasma haemofelis in cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Copper poisoning in sheep is an example of which type of hemolytic anemia

A

Toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Type of hemolytic anemia where oxidative damage to RBC surface by drugs, chemicals, or plants

A

Toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

type of hemolytic anemia where antibodies target or destroy RBCs

A

Immune mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

T/F. immune mediated hemolytic anemia is only caused by intravascular lysis

A

F. intra or extravascular lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Canine Autoimmune deficiency causes which type of haemolytic anemia

A

Immune mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Neonatal isoerythrolysis Causes which type of haemolytic anemiA?

A

Immune mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Incompatable blood transfusions cause which type of haemolytic anemia

A

immune mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

T/F. Both Extra and Intravascular lysis can cause jaundice

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Obstruction of Bile duct causes which type of jaundice

A

posthepatic jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the outcome of Posthepatic jaundice

A

Bile refluxes into bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Iron is stored as ____

A

Haemosiderin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Iron is stored as ___ intracellularly

A

Ferritin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

T/F. grossly, you only need a small amt. of hemosiderin in tissues to see a color change

A

F. must have a lot to be able to see grossly

47
Q

What does hemosiderin look like microscopically

A

Dark-yellow-brown coarse granular cytoplasmic pigments

48
Q

What can you stain hemosiderin with, and what color does it turn?

A

stain with prussian blue/pearls

Blue-black color

49
Q

what are the two types of hemosiderin accumulation?

A
  1. Local

2. Widespread

50
Q

What are the two types of local hemosiderin accumulation

A
  1. chronic congestion

2. hemorrhage

51
Q

What are the 2 types of widespread hemosiderin accumulation?

A
  1. hemolysis

2. Inherited disorders of Fe storage

52
Q

What pigment causes Pink tooth?

A

porphyria

53
Q

Erythropoietic porphyria is a developmental anomaly of what spp.?

A

cats, calves, pigs

54
Q

Pink tooth is an inherited deficiency of _____

A

Uroporphyriogen III cosythetase

55
Q

What does melanin look like grossly

A

Black/brown tissue color

56
Q

What does melanin look like histopathically

A

fine brown/black cytoplamic granules

57
Q

How is tyrosine converted to dihydroxyphenylalanine in the melanocyte

A

Tyrosinase with copper

58
Q

Defect in tyrosinase produces what type of animals

A

albino

59
Q

UV light, hormones, and inflammation effect which enzyme

A

tyrosinase

60
Q

What does lipofucin look like grossly

A

brownish color after lg. amts of accumulation

61
Q

What does lipofuscin look like histopathically

A

golden-brown, fine granular cytoplasmic pigment

62
Q

Lipofuscin is derived from _____

A

The breakdown of lipids

63
Q

Lipofuscin is composed of lipid complexed with ___

A

protein

64
Q

Where is lipofuscin commonly found?

A

Aged cells and injured cells

65
Q

The wear- and - tear pigment

A

Lipofuscin

66
Q

T/F. Lipofuscin is commonly found in pre-mitotic cells

A

F. post mitotic cells

67
Q

inhaled dust

A

Pneumoconiosis

68
Q

Carbon from the environ
When goes into lung is picked up by macrophages and sometimes when you looke at these dogs lungs from smokers houses under the microscope you can see this granular pigment in the macrophages

A

Pulmonary anthracosis

69
Q

Where are carotenoids found in nature

A

in plants

70
Q

Where do carotenoids accumulate in animals

A

adipose tissue

71
Q

what is the function of carotenoids for animals

A

antioxidents

72
Q

A mother dog ingested tetracycline during gestation where is it deposited in the fetus, and what color is it

A

bone and dentin

yellow

73
Q

What are the 3 tissue deposits

A
  1. Calcification
  2. amyloid
  3. uric acid
74
Q

What are the 4 subtypes of calcification

A
  1. dystrophic
  2. metastatic
  3. skin calcification
  4. Heterotropic
75
Q

Grossly describe calcification

A

White gritty granules or plaques, hard

76
Q

Histopathically describe calcification

A

basophilic amorphous granules of inconsisten size and shape

77
Q

Calcification stains black with which stain

A

VonKossa

78
Q

Local deposition of Ca in areas of injury

A

Dystrophic calcification

79
Q

Where is dystrophic calcification common

A

necrotic fat
m.
granulomas
dead parasites

80
Q

T/F. Animals who have dystropic calcification usually have extra calcium in their system

A

F. normoccalcemic

81
Q

Widespread deposition of calciumm in otherwise normal tissues

A

Metastatic calcification

82
Q

What is the cause of metastatic calcification

A

imbalance of calcium and phosphate

83
Q

What are the predelection sites for metastatic calcification

A
  1. lungs
  2. pleura
  3. endocardium
  4. kidneys
  5. stomach
  6. vessels
84
Q

T/F. metastatic calcification is not really a problem.

A

F. deposition of Ca can cause dysfunction of organ

85
Q

T/F. lHypercalcemia always causes metastatic calcification

A

F. only sometimes

86
Q

you can do a test to see Ca/Phos ratio and if it is over ___ you are at risk for soft tissue calcification

A

70

87
Q

What are some diseases that are associated with Calcification?

A
  1. chronic renal failure
  2. Hyperadrenocorticism
  3. Johne’s Dz
  4. Vit. D intoxication
  5. Neoplasia
88
Q

Formationof bone at extra-skeletal site

A

heterotropic ossification

89
Q

Where is heterotropic ossification common

A

old dog lungs and dura mater

90
Q

T/F. heterotropic ossification is a type of metastatic calcification

A

F. completely separate

91
Q

What are the 2 types of calcification of the skin?

A
  1. calcinosis cutis

2. calcinosis circumscripta

92
Q

What causes calcinosis cutis

A

hyperadrenocorticism or long term corticosteroid tx

93
Q

Is calcinosis cutis metastatc of dystrophic

A

Neither

94
Q

widespread mineralization of the dermal collagen and epidermal BM

A

Calcinosis cutis

95
Q

Local deposit of Ca in dermis

A

Calcinosis circumscripta

96
Q

Where is calcinosis circumscripta common?

A

over bony prominences of lg. breed dogs

97
Q

How does ingestion of cestrum cause metastatic calcification

A

High levels of vit. D uptake

98
Q

Misfolded proteins that aggregate into self propagating fibrils and beta pleated sheets

A

Amyloid

99
Q

Where do amyloids deposit

A

in extracellular spaces

100
Q

What does the deposition of amyloids in extracellular spaces cause?

A

compression atrophy of adj. cells

101
Q

What does amyloid look like gross

A

Firm, waxy orgnas with rounded edges

102
Q

What is the predilection sites for amyloid deposits

A

all spp: kidney, liver, spleen
Horse: skin
cat: pancrease

103
Q

What can you tx a sample with to highlight amaloyd

A

iodine and sulfuric acid

104
Q

What do amyloid look like histologically

A

amorphous homogenous eosinophilic extracellular material

105
Q

What stain can you use to look at amyloid

A

Congo red

106
Q

gout is an accumulation of what?

A

uric acid

107
Q

Which spp. are most susceptible to gout

A

reptiles and birds

108
Q

Why are reptiles and bird more susceptible to gout

A

no uricase

109
Q

Gout is a consequence of what in birds and reptiles

A

dec. renal function and dehydration

110
Q

Gout is a consequence of what in mammals

A

diet, genetic disorder, chemo

111
Q

What does uric acid look like grossly

A

chalky white foci on surface of organs

112
Q

What does uric acid look like histopathically

A

needle-like clear spaces

113
Q

What is tophi

A

granulomatous inflam. surrounding deposit

Pathology 1 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions