Exam 3: Pigmentations and Tissue Deposits Flashcards
What are the 2 categories of pigments
- Endogenous
2. Exogenous
What are the 3 categories of Endogenous pigments
- Haematogenous
- Melanin
- Lipofuscin
What are the 4 types of Haematogenous pigments
- Haemoglobin
- Bilirubin
- Haemosiderin
- Porphyrins
What are the 3 exogenous pigments
- Carbon/Dust
- Carotenoids
- Tetracyclines
Haemoglobin is normally ___ when bound to O2
Red
Leakage of hemoglobin from RBCs
Hemoglobin imbibition
Carbon monoxide toxicity is usually what color?
Cherry red
Why is carbon monoxide toxicity red?
Carboxyhaemoglobin
Nitrate poisoning is usually what color and why?
chocolate brown, due to oxidation of haem group to methaemoglobin
What is the pathogenesis of cyanide toxicity?
venous hemoglobin retains O2 due to cyanide binding cytochrome oxidase and is the same color as arterial blood
What is the normal cascade of hemoglobin cataboslim?
- RBC removed from circ. by spleenic macrophages
- Fe and globin recycled leaving haem
- Haem is enzymatically converted to bilirubin
- Insoluble bilirubin bound to albumin and transported to liver
- Liver removes bilirubin from blood and conjugates with glucuronic acid
- secreted in bile
Why does the liver conjugate bilirubin with glucuronic acid
to make soluble
Unconjugated bilirubin is carried by ____ to the liver
Albumin
too much bilirubin in the blood
hyperbilirubinemia
When bilirubinemia is greater than ___ you will get yellow staining of tissues
2mg/dl
Inc. bilirubin in tissues
Jaundice/icterus
T/F. If you see an animal with jaundice, you can assume it is liver failure
F. Jaundice Does NOT only indicate liver dz
What 3 things can processing of bilirubin be affected by?
- Inc. RBC breakdown
- Dec. Hepatocyte function
- Blockage of Bile duct
What are the 3 clinical classifications of jaundice
- Prehepatic (hemolytic)
- Hepatic (hepatocellular)
- Posthepatic (obstructive)
What is the cause of prehepatic jaundice?
Inc. RBC breakdown
What type of jaundice is being described:
Bilirubin production from haemolysed RBCS exceeds hepatocellular uptake.
Prehepatic jaundice
Inc. RBC breakdown
Hemolysis
What are the two types of hemolysis
- extravascular lysis
2. intravascular lysis
Where does extravascular lysis of RBCs occur?
- Spleen
- Dam. tissues (bruise)
- chronically congested tissue
What is intravascular lysis
Dam. of RBC in circ. causing release of free hemoglobin
What transports free hemoglobin?
haptoglobins
Excess unbound hemoglobin in circ.
hemoglobinemia
Hemoglobinaemia overspills into kidney where it is toxic and detectable in urine
hemoglobinuria
Splenomegaly is an ex. of Extra/Intra vascular lysis
Extravascular
Type of hemolysis where hemoglobin is not free in blood to be filtered by the kideny
Extravascular hemolysis
Type of hemolysis where hemoglobin is filtered by the kidney
intravascular
What are the 3 common types of hemolytic anemia
- infectious
- Toxic
- Immune Mediated
What is an ex. of infectious hemolytic anemia
Babesia in cattle
mycoplasma haemofelis in cats
Copper poisoning in sheep is an example of which type of hemolytic anemia
Toxic
Type of hemolytic anemia where oxidative damage to RBC surface by drugs, chemicals, or plants
Toxic
type of hemolytic anemia where antibodies target or destroy RBCs
Immune mediated
T/F. immune mediated hemolytic anemia is only caused by intravascular lysis
F. intra or extravascular lysis
Canine Autoimmune deficiency causes which type of haemolytic anemia
Immune mediated
Neonatal isoerythrolysis Causes which type of haemolytic anemiA?
Immune mediated
Incompatable blood transfusions cause which type of haemolytic anemia
immune mediated
T/F. Both Extra and Intravascular lysis can cause jaundice
T
Obstruction of Bile duct causes which type of jaundice
posthepatic jaundice
What is the outcome of Posthepatic jaundice
Bile refluxes into bloodstream
Iron is stored as ____
Haemosiderin
Iron is stored as ___ intracellularly
Ferritin
T/F. grossly, you only need a small amt. of hemosiderin in tissues to see a color change
F. must have a lot to be able to see grossly
What does hemosiderin look like microscopically
Dark-yellow-brown coarse granular cytoplasmic pigments
What can you stain hemosiderin with, and what color does it turn?
stain with prussian blue/pearls
Blue-black color
what are the two types of hemosiderin accumulation?
- Local
2. Widespread
What are the two types of local hemosiderin accumulation
- chronic congestion
2. hemorrhage
What are the 2 types of widespread hemosiderin accumulation?
- hemolysis
2. Inherited disorders of Fe storage
What pigment causes Pink tooth?
porphyria
Erythropoietic porphyria is a developmental anomaly of what spp.?
cats, calves, pigs
Pink tooth is an inherited deficiency of _____
Uroporphyriogen III cosythetase
What does melanin look like grossly
Black/brown tissue color
What does melanin look like histopathically
fine brown/black cytoplamic granules
How is tyrosine converted to dihydroxyphenylalanine in the melanocyte
Tyrosinase with copper
Defect in tyrosinase produces what type of animals
albino
UV light, hormones, and inflammation effect which enzyme
tyrosinase
What does lipofucin look like grossly
brownish color after lg. amts of accumulation
What does lipofuscin look like histopathically
golden-brown, fine granular cytoplasmic pigment
Lipofuscin is derived from _____
The breakdown of lipids
Lipofuscin is composed of lipid complexed with ___
protein
Where is lipofuscin commonly found?
Aged cells and injured cells
The wear- and - tear pigment
Lipofuscin
T/F. Lipofuscin is commonly found in pre-mitotic cells
F. post mitotic cells
inhaled dust
Pneumoconiosis
Carbon from the environ
When goes into lung is picked up by macrophages and sometimes when you looke at these dogs lungs from smokers houses under the microscope you can see this granular pigment in the macrophages
Pulmonary anthracosis
Where are carotenoids found in nature
in plants
Where do carotenoids accumulate in animals
adipose tissue
what is the function of carotenoids for animals
antioxidents
A mother dog ingested tetracycline during gestation where is it deposited in the fetus, and what color is it
bone and dentin
yellow
What are the 3 tissue deposits
- Calcification
- amyloid
- uric acid
What are the 4 subtypes of calcification
- dystrophic
- metastatic
- skin calcification
- Heterotropic
Grossly describe calcification
White gritty granules or plaques, hard
Histopathically describe calcification
basophilic amorphous granules of inconsisten size and shape
Calcification stains black with which stain
VonKossa
Local deposition of Ca in areas of injury
Dystrophic calcification
Where is dystrophic calcification common
necrotic fat
m.
granulomas
dead parasites
T/F. Animals who have dystropic calcification usually have extra calcium in their system
F. normoccalcemic
Widespread deposition of calciumm in otherwise normal tissues
Metastatic calcification
What is the cause of metastatic calcification
imbalance of calcium and phosphate
What are the predelection sites for metastatic calcification
- lungs
- pleura
- endocardium
- kidneys
- stomach
- vessels
T/F. metastatic calcification is not really a problem.
F. deposition of Ca can cause dysfunction of organ
T/F. lHypercalcemia always causes metastatic calcification
F. only sometimes
you can do a test to see Ca/Phos ratio and if it is over ___ you are at risk for soft tissue calcification
70
What are some diseases that are associated with Calcification?
- chronic renal failure
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- Johne’s Dz
- Vit. D intoxication
- Neoplasia
Formationof bone at extra-skeletal site
heterotropic ossification
Where is heterotropic ossification common
old dog lungs and dura mater
T/F. heterotropic ossification is a type of metastatic calcification
F. completely separate
What are the 2 types of calcification of the skin?
- calcinosis cutis
2. calcinosis circumscripta
What causes calcinosis cutis
hyperadrenocorticism or long term corticosteroid tx
Is calcinosis cutis metastatc of dystrophic
Neither
widespread mineralization of the dermal collagen and epidermal BM
Calcinosis cutis
Local deposit of Ca in dermis
Calcinosis circumscripta
Where is calcinosis circumscripta common?
over bony prominences of lg. breed dogs
How does ingestion of cestrum cause metastatic calcification
High levels of vit. D uptake
Misfolded proteins that aggregate into self propagating fibrils and beta pleated sheets
Amyloid
Where do amyloids deposit
in extracellular spaces
What does the deposition of amyloids in extracellular spaces cause?
compression atrophy of adj. cells
What does amyloid look like gross
Firm, waxy orgnas with rounded edges
What is the predilection sites for amyloid deposits
all spp: kidney, liver, spleen
Horse: skin
cat: pancrease
What can you tx a sample with to highlight amaloyd
iodine and sulfuric acid
What do amyloid look like histologically
amorphous homogenous eosinophilic extracellular material
What stain can you use to look at amyloid
Congo red
gout is an accumulation of what?
uric acid
Which spp. are most susceptible to gout
reptiles and birds
Why are reptiles and bird more susceptible to gout
no uricase
Gout is a consequence of what in birds and reptiles
dec. renal function and dehydration
Gout is a consequence of what in mammals
diet, genetic disorder, chemo
What does uric acid look like grossly
chalky white foci on surface of organs
What does uric acid look like histopathically
needle-like clear spaces
What is tophi
granulomatous inflam. surrounding deposit
