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Pathology 1 > Exam 2: Mech. of cellular injury > Flashcards

Exam 2: Mech. of cellular injury Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 mech. of cell injury?

A
  1. depletion of ATP
  2. Mitochondrial damage
  3. Ca influx and loss of Ca homeostasis
  4. Oxidative stress
  5. Defects in memb. permeablity
  6. Damage to DNA and proteins
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2
Q

Damage or pathologic alterations in molecules or structre that can occur in cells and extracellular components

A

Cell injury

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3
Q

What are the 2 major consequences of cell injury

A
  1. Reversible cell injury

2. irreversible cell injury

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4
Q

what are the 3 classic examples of cell injury

A
  1. oxygen deficiency
  2. infectious agents
  3. immunologic dysfunction
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5
Q

partial reduction in O2 delivery to a tissue

A

Hypoxia

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6
Q

No O2 delivery to a tissue

A

Anoxia

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7
Q

What are 4 causes of Hypoxia/anoxia

A
  1. Inadequate oxygenation of blood
  2. Reduced transport of O2 in blood
  3. Reduction in blood supply (ischemia)
  4. Blockage of cell respiratory enzymes
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8
Q

What are 4 examples of cell injury resulting from immune dysfunction

A
  1. congenital defects
  2. acquired defects
  3. Autoimmune reactions
  4. hypersensitivity reactions
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9
Q

What are the 2 mech of cell injury that cause depletion of ATP?

A
  1. Aerobic: TCA cycle

2. Anaerobic: Glycolysis

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10
Q

What is the fundamental cause of necrotic cell death

A

Depletion of ATP

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11
Q

Depletion of _ to _ % of ATP is bad

A

5-10%

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12
Q

What are the 3 complications of the Na/K ATPase failure

A
  1. cell swelling
  2. ER swelling
  3. PM damage
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13
Q

What are the 3 major consequences of mitochondrial damage

A
  1. Formation of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (MPTP)
  2. Inc. production of ROS
  3. Activation of apoptic pathways
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14
Q

Which 4 enzymes are activated by calcium accumulation

A
  1. phospholipase
  2. Proteases
  3. Endonucleases
  4. ATPase
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15
Q

what are the 3 major forms of damage due to accumulation of Ca

A
  1. Memb. damage
  2. Nuclear damage
  3. ATP depletion
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16
Q

What are the two major problems with ROS

A
  1. inc. production

2. Dec. scavenging

17
Q

what are 3 ways to form ROS

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Transition metals
  3. NO
18
Q

what are 3 ways to remove free radicals

A
  1. Spontaneous decay
  2. Antioxidents
  3. enzymes
19
Q

What are the effects of free radicals

A
  1. Lipid peroxidation in membranes
  2. Oxidative modification of proteins
  3. lesions in DNA
20
Q

What are the mech. for damaging the PM?

A
  1. ROS
  2. Dec. phospholipid synthesis
  3. Inc. phospholipid breakdown
  4. Cytoskeleton abnormalities
21
Q

What are the 3 membranes that can be damaged?

A
  1. mitochondrial memb. damage
  2. PM damage
  3. Lysosomal memb. damage
22
Q

Located in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, converts alanine into pyruvate

A

Alanine aminotransferase ALT)

Pathology 1 (19 decks)

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