Exam 2: Cell injury Flashcards
What are the two types of reversible cell injury
- Cellular swelling
2. Fatty changes
What are the 3 types of irreversible cell injury and cell death
- Necrosis
- Apoptosis
- Cellular death
Early, sub-lethal manifestation of cell damage, characterized by inc. cell size and volume due to water overload
Acute cell swelling
What is the most common and fundamental expression of cell injury
Acute cell swelling
What is the Gross appearance of acute cell swelling
- Slightly swollen organ with rounded edges
- pallor
- tissue bulges when cut
- heavy/wet
Histologic appearance of cellular swelling
- Enlarged
- pals cytoplasm
- Inc. cytoplasmic eosinophila
- no morphologic change to nucleus
What are the 4 ultrastructural changes of cellular swelling
- PM alterations
- Mitochondrial changes
- Dilation of ER
- Nuclear alterations
An inc. in cell size can be due to what two things
- cell swelling
2. hypertrophy
What is the diff. b/t cell swelling and hypertrophy
Cell swelling: due to water
Hypertrophy: cell enlargement is caused by inc. of normal organelles
T/F. the prognosis of cellular swelling depends on the number of cells affected and importance of cells
T
Sub-lethal cell damage characterized by intracytoplasmic fatty vacuolation
Fatty change
Accumulation of triglycerides and other lipid metabolites within parenchymal cells
Lipidosis
what are the 3 main causes of fatty changes in tissues
- hypoxia
- Toxicity
- Metabolic disorders
What are the 3 steps of the pathogenesis of fatty change
- Impaired metabolism of fatty acids
- Accumulation of triglycerides
- Formation of intracytoplasmic fat vacuoles
Common liver change in obese cats, secondary to anorexia
Hepatic lipidosis
Irreversible injury is usually associated morphalogically with what 3 things?
- Severe swelling of mitochondria
- Extensive damage to PM
- Swelling of lysosomes
Necrotic change that occurs less than 6 hrs
Ultrastructurally
Necrotic change that occurs from 6-12 hrs
Histologically
Necrotic change that occurs 24-58 hrs
Grossly
Cell death after irreversible cell injury by hopoxia, ischemia, and direct cell memb. injury
Necrosis
The morphologic aspect of Necrosis is due to what 2 concurrent processes
- Denaturation of proteins
2. enzymatic digestion of the cell
What is the common outcome of necrosis
Inflammation
What are the 6 types of necrosis?
- Coagulative necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Gangrenous necrosis
- Caseous necrosis
- Fat necrosis
- Fibrinoid necrosis
when architecture of dead tissues is preserved, ultimately the necrotic cells was removed
Coagulative necrosis
What are the 2 ways necrotic cells are removed in coagulative necrosis
- phagocytosis by WBCs
2. Digestion by lysosomal enzymes from WBCs
What is the common cause of coagulative necrosis in solid organs minus the brain?
ischemia
What type of necrosis is caused by vit. E/selenium deficiency?
Coagulative necrosis
Type of necrosis typically seen in the CNS
Liquefactive necrosis
Necrosis where architecture is liquefied, dead cells are digested
Liquefactive necrosis
what are the 2 types of tissue that can undergo liquefactive necrosis
- tissue with high neutrophil recruitment and enzymatic release with digestion of tissue
- tissue with high lipid content
happens when F. moniliforme containing B1 toxin-producing moldy corn is ingested
Leukoencephalomalacia
Which spp. are infected with leukoencephalomalacia
Horse, chicken, pig
Characterized by necrosis of white matter of cerebral hemishperes, brain stem, and cerebellum
Leukoncephalomalacia
A localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by disintegration of tissues surrounded by fibrous CT
Absces
What are the 2 types of abscess?
- Septic: infection, release of enzymes from WBCs and infectious agent
- Sterile: process caused by nonliving irritants such as drugs
Type of necrosis without a specific pattern of cell death but begins mostly as coagulative necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis is likely due to ____
ischemia
What is dry gangrene?
no bacterial superinfection,
what is wet gangrene?
bacterial superinfection has occured
Necrosis that white, friable, and represents dead WBCs
Caseous necrosis
What are 3 possible causes of caseous necrosis?
- Mycobacterium
- Corynebacterium
- fusobacterium
- fungal infections
Compared with Coagulation necrosis, caseous necrosis is acute/chronic
Chronic
Type of necrosis that is often associated with poorly degradable lipids of bacterial origin
Caseous necrosis
Necrosis associated with obliterated tissue architecture
Caseous
Commonly seen in the center of caseous necrosis
Dystrophilic calcification
What are the 3 types of fat necrosis?
- enzymatic necrosis
- Traumatic necrosis of fat
- Necrosis of abdominal fat
what is another name for fat necrosis
Pancreatic necrosis of fat
Type of necrosis caused by activated pancreatic lipases in escaped pancreatic fluid
Enzymatic necrosis
Type of necrosis that is associated with dystocia, it is subcutaneously in the intermuscular fat
Traumatic necrosis of fat
What is the cause of necrosis of abdominal fat?
unknown
A special form of necrosis usually seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels
Fibrinoid necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis occurs when _______ are depositied in the walls of arteries
Ag-Ab complexes
A pathway of cell death induced by tightly regulated suicide program
Apoptosis
Apoptic cells break up into fragments called ____, which contain portions of the cytoplasm and nucleus
Apoptoic bodies
T/F. during apoptosis the PM stays intact
T
T/F. apoptosis cause inflammation
F. no inflam
What are the 2 pathways of apoptosis
- intrinsic/ mitochondrial
2. Extrinsic pathwat/ death receptor initiated
What are the 2 initator caspases of apoptosis
8 and 9
What are the 2 executioner caspases of apoptosis
3 and 6
what is the major mech. of apoptosis in all mammals
Intrinsic pathway
released into the cytoplasm and initiates suicide program of apoptosis
Cytochrome C
what initiates the extrinsic pathway
Death receptors