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Microbiology > Exam 3 (Oral Bacteria) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Oral Bacteria) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the common target of microbes in molecular classifications?

A

16s rRNA subunit (GOLD STANDARD)

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2
Q

How do 16s rRNA subunits compare between bacterial species?

A

conserved regions remain unchanged along the evolutionary tree while variable regions can be used to differentiate bacterial species

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3
Q

What has the higher concentration of bacteria? Skin or dental plaque?

A

Dental plaque (one of the highest)

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4
Q

What three things make up the acquired pellicle on tooth surfaces?

A
  1. molecules in saliva (predominant)
  2. material shed from bacterial cell surfaces
  3. polymers from GCF
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5
Q

____________ are usually the first species to adhere to the pellicle. _______________ are both important adhesins that bind salivary glycoproteins, other bacteria, and calcium.

A
  • Streptococcus (goms)

- Antigen I and II

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6
Q

After streptococci populate the pellicle, other species attach via ____________. Important species at this stage are…. (three).

A

-coaggregation

  • Actinomyces naeslundii
  • Actinomyces viscosus
  • Streptococcus gordonii
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7
Q

After other species begin to coaggregate, the microenvironment supports additional species like…. (two)

A
  • Strep. mutans

- Strep. sobrinus

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8
Q

As the biofilm develops, __________ begin producing _________ which polymerizes the glucose moiety of sucrose into _______. They are branched- polysaccharides with alpha 1->6 and 1->3 linkages.

A
  • Streptococci
  • glucosyltransferases
  • glucans
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9
Q

In dental plaques, bacteria are bound to each other and do a matrix of _________.

A

glucans

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10
Q

Late colonizers of dental plaques include obligate anaerobes such as….. (three)

A
  • Prevotella melaninogenicus
  • Prevotella oralis
  • Veillonella spp.
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11
Q

3 altered properities of bacteria in a biofilm

A
  1. Upregulated genes for extracellular polysaccharide synth
  2. Incr resistance to antimicrobial agents (numbers, enzymes, slow growth, novel phenotypes)
  3. metabolic interaction between closely spaced bacteria
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12
Q

What causes a dental biofilm to begin creating caries?

A

-breakdown of homeostasis alters bacterial composition

reduced saliva flow or increase in sucrose

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13
Q

Acids formed by biofilms

A

lactic acid (as well as acetic and formic acid)

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14
Q

Two reasons dentin is more easily attacked and colonized by bacteria?

A
  1. less mineralized

2. protein rich so many different bacteria can colonize

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15
Q

_________ and ________ are the likely pathogens of root caries by __________ species are also involved.

A
  • Strep mutans
  • Lactobacilli
  • actinomyces
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16
Q

Pathogenic bacteria are able to more rapidly ferment sugars because of their ________ systems

A

PEP-PTS (group translocation)

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17
Q

Bacterial enzymes have more ______ pH optima. Bacterial cells produce ________________ to protect cell contents in acidic conditions.

A
  • acidic

- acid-stress response proteins

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18
Q

What are the two major substrates for alkali production via the generation of ammonia?

A

Urea and arginine

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19
Q

What two enzymes help produce alkali in noncariogenic bacteria?

A

Urease and Arginine Deiminase

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20
Q

Strep. mutans

What does SpaP (antigen B, I, II, P I) do?

A

adherence to saliva coated tooth surfaces and salivary agglutinin

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21
Q

Strep. mutans

produces alpha 1-3 and 1-6 linked glucose polymers

A

Glucosyltransferases (GtfB,C,D)

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22
Q

Strep. mutans

What is GbpA, B, C?

A

Glucan binding proteins

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23
Q

In Strep. mutans, what enzyme produces beta 2-1 and 2-6 linked polymers for extracellular polysaccharide storage?

A

Fructosyltransferase Ftf

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24
Q

Fructanase and intracellular polysaccharides both……

A

extend the depth and duration of acidification

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25
Q

Strep mutans

What virulence factor is critical for the cell’s acid tolerance?

A

ATPase

26
Q

What plaque hypothesis involves inflammatory disease of the gums?

A

Nonspecific plaque hypothesis

27
Q

What plaque hypothesis involves infection of the gums?

A

Specific plaque hypothesis

28
Q

The nonspecific plaque hypothesis refers to the ______________ of dental plaque. Molecules such as _______, ________ (like butyrate, propionate), and ________ (like methyl mercaptan). Treatment dictates that ______________________.

A
  • bacterial complexity
  • LPS
  • volatile fatty acids
  • sulfides
  • flora be suppressed continuously or periodically
29
Q

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans associated with the specific plaque hypothesis produces a leukotoxin that ____________. LJP is a treatable infection with local antimicrobial agents and systemic ___________.

A
  • inhibits neutrophils

- tetracycline

30
Q

____________ (or ANUG) is caused by what two pathogens and is controlled with antibiotic mouth rinses as well as systemic ___________?

A
  • Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
  • spirochetes and Fusobacterium nucleatum
  • metronidazole
31
Q

The three main pathogens associated with the polymicrobial infection of the specific plaque hypothesis?

A
  • Porphyromonas gingivalis
  • Tannerella forsythia
  • Treponema denticola (and other spirochetes)
32
Q

What is the dysbiotic keystone pathogen of the mouth?

A

Porphyromonas gingivalis

33
Q

Three virulence factors of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans?

A
  1. Leukotoxin
  2. Invasins
  3. Bacteriocin (kills competing bacterial species)
34
Q

What virulence factor of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans gives it resistance to phagocytosis and increases bone resorption?

A

Capsular polysaccharide

35
Q

What virulence factor Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans causes hydrolization of the host cell membrane?

A

Phospholipase C

36
Q

4 virulence factors of Fusobacterium nucleatum?

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Hemolysin
  3. Leukocidin/leukotoxin
  4. Superoxide dismutase
37
Q

3 virulence factors of Prevotella intermdia?

A
  1. Dark pigment (protects from toxic oxygen)
  2. Collagenase, hyaluronidase, protease (degrade tissue)
  3. Hemolysin (helps acquire iron)
38
Q

Dentoalveolar infections are _________ infections associated with the teeth and surrounding structures.

A

pyogenic

39
Q

Endodontic infections are ________________ infections that are ____________.

A
  • endogenous

- opportunistic

40
Q

Bacterial cultivation means ____________ with the two most commonly cultivated from root canal infections being…..

A
  • grown in the lab on artificial growth media

- bacteroides and prevotella

41
Q

What are the three methods of dentoalveolar abscesses?

A
  1. spread from carious lesion
  2. through periodontal membrane and accessory root canals
  3. anachoresis via pulpal blood supply during bacteremia from extraction of other tooth.
42
Q

2 facultative anaerobes of dentoalveolar abscesses.

A
  1. Streptococci

2. Actinomyces

43
Q

4 obligate anaerobes of dentoalveolar abscesses.

A
  1. Peptostreptococcus spp.
  2. Porphyromonas gingivalis
  3. Prevotella
  4. Fusobacterium nucleatum
44
Q

What is Ludwig’s Angina?

A

spreading bilateral infection of sublingual and sub mand spaces (spreading in fascial spaces rather than abscess)

45
Q

Ludwig’s Angina is a _______ ___________ infection.

A

-mixed endogenous

46
Q

What four organism are associated with supportive osteomyelitis of the jaws?

A
  • anaerobic streptococci
  • porphyromonas
  • prevotella
  • fusobacteria
47
Q

What disease and bacteria is associated with granulomatous infections of the cerficofacial region with sulphur grnaules?

A

Cervicofacial actinomycosis

48
Q

4 oral manifestations of syphilis infections? Which two are congenital?

A
  • *Hutchinson’s incisors (notched)
  • *mulberry molars
  • primary and secondary syphilis lesions
  • gummas
49
Q

Most common pathogen to infect salivary glands?

A

-staphylococcus

50
Q

7 diseases associated with oral bacteria

A
  1. infective endocarditis
  2. disseminated intravascular coagulation
  3. nephritis
  4. Rheumatoid arthritis
  5. Behcet’s disease
  6. atherosclerosis
  7. Low-birth-weight infants
51
Q

What protein on the surface of streptococci is responsible for infective endocarditis?

A

PAAP- platelet aggregation-associated protein

52
Q

Antibodies to microbial ________ can cross react with human _____. If immune complexes are deposited on the arterial wall as in _________ and on joints as in ______, this mimicry can lead to systemic disease.

A
  • heat shock proteins
  • HSP
  • atherosclerosis
  • arthritis
53
Q

The PAAP of this microbe has an epitope of Type II collagen which is associated with autoimmune arthritis.

A

S. sanguinis

54
Q

Inflammatory reactions in the gingiva can lead to elevated levels of systemic ______ and _____ which can exacerbate existing disease.

A

TNF-alpha

IL-1beta

55
Q

Peptidoglycan is recognized by TLR_?_

A

TLR2

56
Q

Lipopolysaccharide is recognized by TLR_?_ and TLR_?_ and TLR_?_

A

TLR4 and TLR6 and TLR10

57
Q

Lipoteichoic acid is recognized by TLR_?_

A

TLR4

58
Q

The main _________ is HBD-1. These are ______ that work by…..

A
  • defensin
  • small peptides
  • forming pores in bacterial membranes (susceptible due to high phospholipid content)
59
Q

These form a selectively permeable layer on the mucous membrane. They are made up of ________ and ______.

A

mucins

  • glycoproteins
  • carbohydrates
60
Q

How much saliva is secreted per day?

A

0.5 - 1.5 liters/day

61
Q

MG1 and MG2 are ______ that aggregate and clear microbes via ________________.

A

mucins

-lecithin like interactions

62
Q

Action of lysozyme in saliva on microbes

A

degrades peptidoglycan by cutting bond between NAG and NAM (muramidase)

Microbiology (11 decks)

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