Exam 3 - Nose, Mouth, & Throat Flashcards
1
Q
Function of the nose
A
Warms and moistens, filters inhaled air
2
Q
Contained in nasal cavity
A
Vibrissae (nose hairs)
Nasal mucosa which is red b/c of rich blood supply
3
Q
Divides nasal cavity medially
A
Septum
4
Q
What is contained in the septum
A
Kiesselbach plexus (nose bleeds)
5
Q
Function of turbinates
A
Increase surface area to better warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air
6
Q
Cleft under each turbinate
A
Superior, middle, or inferior meatus
7
Q
What are olfactory receptors?
A
Hair cells
Receptors for smell
8
Q
What do olfactory receptors merge into?
A
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
9
Q
Where is the vestibule located?
A
Just inside each nare
10
Q
Divides the two nares and is continuous inside with the nasal septum
A
Columella
11
Q
Lateral outside wing of nose on each side
A
Ala
12
Q
Function of paranasal sinuses
A
Lighten the weight of the skull
Resonators for sound production
Provide mucous
13
Q
Name the paranasal sinuses
A
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
14
Q
Where are the frontal sinuses located?
A
Frontal bone, above and medial to orbits
15
Q
Where are the maxillary sinuses located?
A
In the maxilla (cheek bone), along side of nasal cavity
16
Q
Where is the ethmoid sinus located?
A
Between orbits
17
Q
Where is the sphenoid sinus located?
A
Deep in skull, in sphenoid bone
18
Q
Which paranasal sinuses are palpable?
A
Frontal
Maxillary
19
Q
Which paranasal sinuses are present at birth
A
Maxillary
Ethmoid
20
Q
Function of tongue
A
Enhances functions in mastication, swallowing, teeth cleansing, speech formation
21
Q
Larger papillae in inverted V shape at posterior base of tongue
A
Gallate papilla
22
Q
Midline fold of tissue that connects tongue to floor of mouth
A
Frenulum
23
Q
Name the pairs of salivary glands
A
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
24
Q
Largest salivary gland
A
Parotid gland
25
Smallest salivary gland
Sublingual gland
26
Salivary gland located beneath mandible at angle of jaw
Submandibular gland
27
Salivary gland that lies beneath floor of mouth, under tongue
Sublingual gland
28
Salivary gland located within the cheeks, in front of ear
Parotid gland
29
Duct for parotid gland and where does it open?
Stensen gland
| Opens on buccal mucosa, opposite the second molar
30
Duct for submandibular gland and where is it located?
Wharton duct
| Opens at floor of mouth, on either side of frenulum
31
Where are the sublingual gland openings?
Many small openings along sublingual fold, under tongue
32
Separated from mouth by anterior tonsillar pillar (fold of tissue on each side)
Oropharynx
33
What do tonsils look like?
Masses of lymphoid tissue
| Granular with deep crypts
34
Behind tonsils, some small blood vessels may be visible
Posterior pharyngeal wall
35
What is a bifid uvula?
Uvula split partially or completely
36
Bony ridge in midline of hard palate
Torus palatines
37
Benign, milky, bluish-white opaque appearance of buccal mucosa. Commonly occurs in African Americans
Leukoedema
38
Who are dental caries more common in?
```
Rural residents
Minorities
Older adults
Pregnant women
Homeless
Low income
Institutionalized
```
39
What is poor oral health associated with?
```
Diabetes
Coronary artery disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Metabolic syndrome
(Possibly due to chronic inflammation)
```
40
What is perio caused by?
Chronic inflammation
41
What is perio linked to and why?
Type 2 diabetes
| Chronic elevated blood glucose levels result in gingival inflammation, which leads to gingivitis and perio
42
What causes oral cancer
Smoking
Alcohol
HPV
43
Name for runny nose?
Rhiorrhea
44
What causes rhinorrhea?
Colds
Allergies
Sinus infection
Trauma
45
What causes sinus pain?
Up to 90% of pts with viral URI have viral sinusitis, which resolves without antibiotics
46
Why is it important to know about trauma to nose?
Could cause deviated septum, which could cause nares to be obstructed
47
What causes epistaxis?
Occurs with trauma, vigorous nose blowing, foreign body
48
What should someone do if they have a nose bleed?
Side with head tilted forward
| Pinch soft part of nose above nostrils for 10-15 min
49
Allergies caused by pollen
Seasonal
50
Allergies caused by dust
Perennial
51
What could diminish smell?
Cigarette smoking
Chronic allergies
Aging
52
How to test the patency of nostrils
Push each nostril shut and ask pt to sniff
| Absence of sniff = obstruction (due to cold, nasal polyps, or rhinitis)
53
What is rhinitis?
Nasal mucosa swollen and bright red with URI
54
What does nose discharge look like and when is it common
Common with rhinitis and sinusitis
| Varies from watery and copious to thick, purulent, and green-yellow
55
What does nose mucosa look like with allergies?
Mucosa swollen, boggy, pale, and gray
56
What does a deviated septum look like?
Looks like a hump or shelf in one nasal cavity
57
If can see a spot of light shining in other naris
Perforation
58
Where does epistaxis come from?
Anterior septum
59
What are polyps?
Benign growths that accompany chronic allergy
60
What do polys look like?
Smooth, pale gray, avascular, mobile, nontender
61
What is a furuncle?
Small boil in nose, appears red and swollen
62
Which turbinates will be visible with speculum and what will they look like?
Middle and inferior
| Same light red color as nasal mucosa
63
When would a pt have tender sinus areas while palpating?
With chronic allergies or an acute infection
64
How can you determine if pt has sinusitis
Have them bend over to check for focal pain
65
What is sinusitis?
| Treatment?
Inflamed infected sinus areas, following URI
| Usually viral and do not need antibiotics
66
In light-skinned people, what does circumoral pallor mean?
Shock
| Anemia
67
In light-skinned people, what does cyanosis on lips mean?
Hypoxemia and chilling
68
In light-skinned people, what do cherry red lips mean?
Carbon monoxide poisoning
69
In light skinned people, what does acidosis on lips mean?
Aspirin poisoning or ketoacidosis
70
Cracking at the corners of the mouth
Chelitis
71
What could an enlarged tongue indicate?
Hypothyoidism
72
What could a small tongue indicate?
Accompanies malnutrition
73
What causes deep fissures in tongue?
Occurs with dry mouth due to dehydration or fever
74
What causes decreased saliva?
Occurs with anticholinergic and other meds
75
What causes increased saliva/drooling?
Occur with gingivostomatitis and Parkinson disease
76
High risk areas for oral squamous cell cancer
Lateral and ventral tongue and floor of mouth
77
When should a pt have a lesion or ulcer further investigated
If it lasts over 2 weeks
78
What is an indurated area?
May be a mass or lymphadenopathy and must be investigated
79
What is leukoplakia?
| What causes it?
Chalky white and does not scrape off.
| Precancerous from chronic irritation of smoking or alcohol use
80
If pt has dappled down patches on buccal mucosa
Present with Addison disease (chronic adrenal insufficiency)
81
If pt’s stensen duct is red
Mumps
82
If pt has Koplik spots
Early warning sign of measles
83
What are Fordyce granules
Sebaceous cysts
| Small isolated white or yellow papules on cheek, tongue, and lips
84
What is an aphthous ulcer? What does it look like? What is it associated with?
Canker sore
Vesicle that turns into “punched out” ulcer with white base, surrounded by red halo
Associated with stress, fatigue, food allergy
85
What is candidiasis?
White, cheesy, curd like patch on buccal mucosa and tongue
| Does scrape off, red under
86
If pt has yellow hard palate
Jaundice
87
Most common early lesion in people with AIDS
Oral kaposi sarcoma
88
What indicates nerve damage to CN X
If uvula has any deviation to one side or absent movement
89
If uvula deviates to side or movement is absent, what nerve is possibly damaged? What conditions could this mean?
Damage to CN X
Poliomyelitis
Diphtheria
90
By looking at tonsils, how can you tell if pt has an acute infection?
Tonsils bright red and swollen
| May have exudate or large white spots
91
If pt has white membrane covering tonsils, what could it be?
May accompany infectious mononucleosis
Leukemia
Diphtheria
92
How can you tell if pt has viral pharyngitis when looking at tonsils?
Erythematous tonsils
No hypertrophy
No exudates
93
How can you tell if a pt has streptococcal pharyngitis by looking at their tonsils?
```
Erythematous
Enlarged tonsils
Exudate
Absence of cough
Swollen, tender anterior cervical nodes
```
94
If pt’s tongue deviates to one side, what can that mean?
CN XII damage
95
If pt’s tongue has a tremor, what could it mean?
Hyperthyroidism
96
If pt has course tremor in tongue, what could it mean?
Cerebral palsy or alcoholism
97
Smooth, glossy tongue
Atrophic glossitis
98
If pt has Atrophic glossitis, what could it mean?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
| Iron deficiency anemia
99
If someone has sweet breath
Diabetic ketoacidosis
100
If someone has acetone breath
Children with malnutrition or dehydration
101
If pt’s breath smells like ammonia
Uremia
102
If pt’s breath smells musty
Liver disease
103
If pt’s breath is foul, fetid
Dental or respiratory infections
104
If pt’s breath is mouselike
Diphtheria
