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Zak, Cells > Exam 3: Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Lecture 10 Flashcards

0
Q

What 3 ways can connective tissue be classified?

A

Type of matrix
Fiber density
Fiber organization

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1
Q

What are characteristics of connective tissue?

A

Few cells
Abundant matrix
Matrix contains varying protein fiber amounts

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2
Q

What are the major connective tissue classes?

A

Loose
Dense
Reticular
Elastic

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Loose connective tissue?

A

High ratio of fibroblasts to fibrous components
Type I collagen
Found beneath epithelial tissues of most organs

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of Dense connective tissue?

A

High ratio of fibrous components to fibroblasts
Thicker bundles of collagen than loose CT
Dense irregular CT has no specific orientation
Dense regular CT has highly ordered bundles

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Reticular connective tissue?

A

Forms stroma of spleen and lymph nodes, allows cells to be packed in between fibers

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Elastic connective tissue?

A

Highly specialized, not found in many places in body

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7
Q

What are the special types of connective tissue?

A

Adipose
Cartilage
Bone
Hematopoietic

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8
Q

What are the 3 cellular components of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts/Fibrocytes
Glycosaminoglycans
Adipocytes

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9
Q

T/F: Fibroblasts/Fibrocytes are the least common cell in connective tissue?

A

False, they are the most common cell in connective tissue

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10
Q

What are the functions of fibroblasts/fibrocytes?

A

Secretion & maintenance of CT matrix
Secrete precursor fibrous molecules
Secrete amorphous components of matrix, including glycosaminoglycans

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11
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

Large, negatively charged polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units

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12
Q

What are the 4 groups of glycosaminoglycans?

A

Hyaluronic acid
Heparin/Heparan sulfate
Chondroitin/Dermatan sulfate
Keratan sulfate

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13
Q

Where is Hyaluronic acid found?

A

Cartilage, skin, synovial fluid, general CT

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14
Q

Where are Heparin/Heparan sulfate found?

A

Basement membrane, skin, lung, liver, blood vessels, mast cell granules

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15
Q

Where are Chondroitin/Dermatan sulfate found?

A

Cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels, heart, cornea

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16
Q

Where is Keratan sulfate found?

A

Cartilage, cornea, intervertebral disks

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17
Q

Describe the structure of a proteoglycan

A

Hyauronan backbone
Linker proteins connect core proteins
Core protein has extensions of four groups of glycosaminoglycans
Core protein + glycosaminoglycans = proteoglycan

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18
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

15 times larger than normal cell

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of adipocytes?

A

White fat

Brown fat

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20
Q

What are characteristics of White fat?

A

Unicolar (one lipid droplet)

Distributed throughout body

21
Q

What are characteristics of Brown fat?

A

Multicolar (numerous lipid droplets)

Abundant mitochondria give brown coloration

22
Q

Describe collagen fiber synthesis

A

Begin as prepropeptide
Pre- signal sequence cleaved off after translocation into ER lumen
Pro-collagen with terminal, non-helical ends secreted into ECM
Terminal, non-helical ends cleaved to form tropocollagen
Tropocollagen spontaneously assembles into staggered arrays

23
Q

T/F: Elastic fiber synthesis is the same as collagen fiber synthesis?

A

False, the last step is different
The pro-collagen is converted to tropoelastin instead of tropocollagen and assembles into amorphous fibers or sheets with aid of fibrillin

24
Q

What are the different types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

25
Q

T/F: Hyaline cartilage is the most common.

A

True

26
Q

What are the characteristics of Hyaline cartilage?

A

Avascular, type II fibers, surrounded by perichondrium, solid but flexible, chondrocytes often found in cell groups

27
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage found?

A

External auditory meatus, larynx, trachea, bronchi, fetal long bones, articular ends of bones

28
Q

What are the 2 growth patterns of Hyaline cartilage?

A

Appositional-Growth on top of existing surface (non-organic things)
Interstitial-Growth by adding new material within existing material (unique to living things)

29
Q

What are the characteristics of Elastic cartilage?

A

Addition of elastic fibers, surrounded by perichondrium, yellow b/c of elastic fibers, more opaque, flexible, & elastic than hyaline, chondrocytes located singly, type II collagen + elastic fibers

30
Q

Where is Elastic cartilage found?

A

Auricle of ear, epiglottis

31
Q

What are the characteristics of Fibrocartilage?

A

Increased collagen in matrix, reduced cellularity compared to hyaline, NOT surrounded by perichondrium, opaque appearance from fibrous texture, type I collagen, single sparse chondrocytes

32
Q

Where is Fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, insertion of some tendons/ligaments, closely associated with dense CT or hyaline cartilage

33
Q

T/F: The skeletal systems of all vertebrates begin as cartilage.

A

True

34
Q

What are the 3 major components of cartilage formation?

A

Chondroblasts-Produce new matrix (top)
Chondrocytes-Maintain matrix (middle)
Lacunae-Cells within matrix (lakes)
*All are avascular

35
Q

Perichondrium contains an outer _________layer and an inner _________ layer.

A

Fibrous

Chondrogenic

36
Q

T/F: More hydroxyapatite means weaker, frailer bones.

A

False, increased hydroxyapatite in the matrix means stronger, more solid bones

37
Q

What are the 3 types of bone?

A

Woven
Compact
Spongy

38
Q

Where/when does woven bone occur?

A

During development and repair

39
Q

What is another name for compact bone?

A

Lamellar bone

40
Q

What are other names for spongy bone?

A

Trabecular

Cancellous

41
Q

What are the characteristics of compact bone?

A

Dense plate on outside of long/flat bones
Concentric lamellae (Haversian) encircle central blood vessel forming an osteon (Haversian system)
Osteocytes found between lamellae connected to Haversian canal via canaliculi
Volkmann’s canals run perpendicular to Haversian canals connecting Haversian canals to each other and bone surface

42
Q

What are the characteristics of spongy bone?

A

3-D lattic of branching, bony spicules intertwined to form trabeculae surrounding bone marrow spaces in long/flat bones

43
Q

What is the macroscopic structure of bone?

A

Periosteum-Surrounds exterior of bone
Marrow/Medullary cavity-Inside bone
Endosteum-Lining of marrow/medullary cavity
Sharpey’s fibers-Connect periosteum to bone matrix

44
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Stem cells described as bone lining cells in adult
Found in inner portion of periosteum, endosteum, & lining vascular canals of compact bone
Derived from mesenchyme of embryonic somite and possess mitotic potential
Give rise to osteoblasts

45
Q

What are osteocytes derived from?

A

Osteoblasts and are trapped by the matrix they secrete

46
Q

What are osteoclast cells derived from?

A

Monocyte linkage, which is derived from monocyte precursors in bone marrow

47
Q

What is ARF?

A

Activation-resorption-reversal-formation

A cycle that occurs in adult remodeling sites and during development

48
Q

What are the first 5 steps of Osteoblast/Osteoclast regulation?

A

1) PTH regulates bone turnover
2) Osteoblast formation stimulated by low PTH
3) Osteoclast differentiation factors stimulated from osteoblast at high PTH
4) PTH stimulates monocyte precursors to form osteoclasts
5) Elevated PTH results in erode bone & fibrosis of resulting spaces

49
Q

What are steps 6-9 of Osteoblast/Osteoclast regulation?

A

6) PTH binds to receptors on osteoblast
7) Osteoblast stimulated to synthesize M-CSF & RANKL
8) M-CSF binds to M-CSF receptor on monocyte near by
9) Monocyte is no macrophage and expresses RANK

50
Q

What are steps 10-13 of Osteoblast/Osteoclast regulation?

A

10) RANK binds to RANKL making macrophage multinucleated immature osteoclast
11) Osteoblast secretes osteoprotegerin
12) Non-functional osteoclast uncouples from osteoblast and becomes functional osteoclast
13) Calcitonin acts to reduce bone resorption

Zak, Cells (17 decks)

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