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Neuroscience > Exam 3: Hypothalamus and Autonomic system > Flashcards

Exam 3: Hypothalamus and Autonomic system Flashcards

1
Q

hypothalamus

A

functions to regulate homeostasis ⇒ talks to cerebral cortex and limbic areas as reciprocal connections between these parts of the brain
- keeping us alive as well as continuation of life

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2
Q

things the hypothalamus influences (7)

A
  • Maintaining appropriate body temperature
  • Eating
  • Drinking
  • Blood circulation
  • Breathing
  • Excreting substances that we don’t want inside us
  • Development and growth ⇒ reproduction (long term continuation of life)
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3
Q

what does the hypothalamus interface?

A

brain, endocrine system, and autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

medial hypothalamus (define + 4)

A

links with the endocrine system
- Blood volume
- Metabolic rate
- Lactation
- Stress response

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5
Q

hypothalamus interface between the autonomic nervous system and the limbic system

A
  • heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, feeding, thermoregulation
  • output to limbic system ⇒ altered motivation
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6
Q

how much does the pituitary weigh?

A

4 grams (located diencephalon)

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7
Q

which half of the pituitary gland is part of the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior is part of hypothalamus but anterior is not

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8
Q

Hypothalamic sulcus

A

divides the thalamus and hypothalamus

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9
Q

lamina terminalis

A

directly under the anterior commissure and prevents CSF from draining

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10
Q

anterior commissure

A

connects olfactory and the limbic system

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11
Q

endocrine organs

A

release chemicals (hormone) into the blood that act at other parts of the body

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12
Q

hypothalamus endocrine functions (2)

A
  1. Directly releases hormones into general circulation
  2. Release chemicals into the blood that act on the pituitary gland ⇒ acts on other endocrine organs
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13
Q

what hormones does the Hypothalamus directly release into general circulation?

A

from posterior pituitary
- Oxytocin
- Vasopressin

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14
Q

oxytocin

A

is made in neurons in supraoptic nerve and paraventricular nerve
- their axons directly project to posterior pituitary
- These end on blood vessels to release contents into the bloodstream

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15
Q

where is the paraventricular nerve?

A

next to 3rd ventricle

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16
Q

where is the supraoptic nerve?

A

right on top of the optic chiasm and optic tracts

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17
Q

effects of oxytocin?

A

acts as a tribal hormone
- Uterine contraction during birth
- Milk ejection reflex
- Increases trust, decreases fear, increases generosity
- Promotes monogamous behavior in males
- Also appear to promote racist, xenophobic behavior

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18
Q

Vasopressin

A

increase blood volume by decreasing excretion of water
- Decreases urine production by increasing reabsorption of water into bloodstream
- cells sense osmolarity (concentration of salt in blood)
- Increased salt ⇒ increased firing of paraventricular and supraoptic nerves

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19
Q

As sodium concentration goes up the secretion of antidiuretic

A

goes up ⇒ direct relationship

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20
Q

endocrine gland

A

organ that releases chemicals directly into the blood that have an effect on cells in other organs
- Sometimes directly control secretion of different hormones by other endocrine glands

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21
Q

where are hypothalamic hormones made?

A

in arcuate nerve (right under hypothalamus) and paraventricular nerve
- ventromedial hypothalamus

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22
Q

where do hypothalamic hormones get released?

A

into hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels

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23
Q

what is the route of hormonal release from the hypothalamus?

A

hormones from arcuate and paraventricular nerves => hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels => capillaries => anterior pituitary => general circulation

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24
Q

portal circulation

A

supplies two organs, and can carry a hormone from one organ to the other
- we don’t know how there is enough oxygen to survive the second capillary system with its corresponding organs

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25
Q

normal circulation supplies what?

A

one organ only

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26
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

released from hypothalamus into portal circulation ⇒ anterior pituitary

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27
Q

components of TRH (3)

A
  1. Causes release of thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone ⇒ general circulation to thyroid
  3. Causes release of thyroid hormone ⇒ sets basal metabolic rate
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28
Q

hormones in the anterior pituitary have their release controlled by what?

A

hypothalamic factors released into the portal circulation

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29
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone

A

causes release of adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACT) by pituitary
- ACTH causes release of cortisol by adrenal gland

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30
Q

when does cortisol get released?

A

during stress
- Limbic system cause the hypothalamus to release corticotropin releasing hormone into the portal circulation to the anterior pituitary for release of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the adrenal cortex causing cortisol release

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31
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH)

A

causes release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by pituitary

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32
Q

what do FSH and LH do?

A

cause maturation of gametes (egg and sperm), ovulation, etc. (sex hormones)

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33
Q

somatostatin

A

released by the hypothalamus and inhibits the release of growth hormone from pituitary

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34
Q

how does feedback control of hormone synthesis work?

A

a hormone may directly inhibit the synthesis or release of its hypothalami releasing hormone
- This is important for when hormone levels are too high

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35
Q

thyroid hormones decreases what in a feedback system?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

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36
Q

cortisol decreases what in a feedback system?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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37
Q

hypothalamic hormones (4)

A
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH)
  • somatostatin
    → mostly have releasing in their names
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38
Q

pituitary hormones (3)

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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39
Q

what nerve increases blood pressure and heart rate in response to stress?

A

dorsomedial nerve of hypothalamus
- Same thing as sympathetic activation due to wiring

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40
Q

what area of the hypothalamus responds to temperature for thermoregulation?

A

preoptic nucleus (20% of preoptic neurons activated by warmth)
- receive input from skin and blood temperature
- Firing reduces body temperatures

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41
Q

when pre optic nucleus firing reduces body temperature what is affected? (3)

A
  • Activates vasodilation
  • Inhibits vasoconstriction
  • Ultimately activates sweating
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42
Q

what does exposure to cold do?

A

activates sympathetic output to skin ⇒ vasoconstriction
- less heat loss

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43
Q

how does the hypothalamus influence descending motor systems?

A

it excites Central pattern generators ⇒ shivering ⇒ heat

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44
Q

what does hypothalamic input to the limbic system influence?

A

behavior ⇒ acts on our consciousness not just autonomic

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45
Q

stimulation of lateral hypothalamus does what?

A

increases eating

46
Q

lesions to the lateral hypothalamus does what?

A

aphagia (lack of eating)

47
Q

stimulation of the medial hypothalamus lead to what?

A

decreased eating

48
Q

lesions to the medial hypothalamus leads to what?

A

hyperphagia (excessive eating)

49
Q

leptin

A

released by body fat and measures our stored energy sources
- Decreased appetite

50
Q

ghrelin

A

cause you to want to eat

51
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A

receptors for leptin, ghrelin, and orexin

52
Q

orexin

A

promotes food intake but may be effect of general arousal
- output of hypothalamus to limbic system alters conscious motivation to find food
- More motivated if stomach is empty
- Less motivated if over prices

53
Q

what does circadian rhythm influence?

A
  • Eating
  • Sleeping
  • Defecating
  • Periods of “physical “activity”
54
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

above the optic chiasm and serves as the master clock for our circadian pattern generation

55
Q

what does light set our circadian clock to? Where does it get input from?

A

24 hours; Input directly from retinal ganglion cells via retina suprachiasmatic pathway

56
Q

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus express?

A

melatonin receptors
- Melatonin is secreted by pineal gland
- Secretion increases at night

57
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

independent of outside control ⇒ doesn’t require conscious control
- Parasympathetic nervous system
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Enteric nervous system

58
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

CNS neurons that synapse in ganglia (collections of cells) outside of the CNS (always in the CNS and synapse outside the CNS and PNS)

59
Q

sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

in thoracic ⇒ mostly spinal cord

60
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

preganglionics in brain stem plus in sacral spinal cord

61
Q

ganglia

A

project their post ganglionic axons to targets that are not skeletal muscle ⇒ long ways away from the SNS and close for PSN

62
Q

places that ganglia project to (3)

A
  • Glands
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
63
Q

where do CNS preganglia originate from?

A

Originating from neural tube
- cell somata within the skull or vertebrae

64
Q

where do PNS post-ganglia originate from?

A

Originating from neural crest or placodes
- cell somata outside the skull or vertebrae

65
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

intrinsic to the gut ⇒ gut secretions and motility

66
Q

placodes

A

special tissues that induces changes to grow out toward it ⇒ tissue can develop into certain structures like eye lens and bones of ear

67
Q

common organization of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

ACh cholingergic prę-ganglionic neuron synapses (CNS) on ganglionic neuron nicotinic receptor (PNS) which synapses on target tissue

68
Q

nicotinic cholinergic receptor

A

mediates synapse in the peripheral NS on a ganglionic neuron ⇒ ion channel receptor

69
Q

what neurotransmitter is expressed with parasympathetic system vs sympathetic?

A

parasympathetic is acetylcholine and sympathetic is usually norepinephrine (1 exception)

70
Q

parasmpathetic nervous system organization

A
  • cholinergic preganglionic neuron in brainstem or intermediate gray matter sacral spinal cord sends a signal to the neuron in the targets ganglion
  • the ganglionic neuron contains acetylcholine again and is a nicotinic ACh receptor
  • Target tissue expressing muscarinic cholinergic receptor near the the neurons
71
Q

what type of receptor are muscarinic?

A

G-protein coupled receptor so they act more slowly
- different than responding to acetylcholine

72
Q

what are the parasympathetic cranial nerves (preganglionic neurons) (5)

A
  • CN 3: oculomotor
  • CN 7: Facial
  • CN 9: Glossopharyngeal
  • CN 10: vagus
  • Sacral parasympathetic nucleus
73
Q

Sacral parasympathetic nucleus

A

targets are in or near the pelvis
- Rectum, bladder, sex organs

74
Q

what does CN 3 target in the parasympathetic system?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus in oculomotor nuclear complex

75
Q

what does CN 7 target in the parasympathetic system?

A

superior salivatory nucleus in lower pons

76
Q

what does CN 9 target in the parasympathetic system?

A

inferior salivatory nucleus in upper medulla

77
Q

where do preganglionic neurons in oculomotor complex (Edinger Westphal nucleus [EWN]) project to?

A

ciliary ganglion in the eye

78
Q

where are the preganglionic cell bodies for the oculomotor neuron?

A

Ventral to the aqueduct there is the oculomotor nucleus and there are 2 light areas in the middle that are myelinated and the EWN

79
Q

CN 3 pathway for parasympathetic ganglia?

A

Ciliary ganglion (behind eye) ⇒ pupillary constrictor muscle and ciliary muscle (focuses the lens) ⇒ innervated by EWN

80
Q

CN 7 pathway for parasympathetic ganglia? (2)

A
  1. Submandibular ganglion ⇒ submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
  2. (don’t need to know gland) ⇒ lacrimal gland of eye and mucus glands of nose and mouth
81
Q

CN 9 pathway for parasympathetic ganglia?

A

(don’t need to know gland) ⇒ parotid salivary gland

82
Q

Ciliary ganglion

A

behind eyeball innervating pupillary constrictor muscle and ciliary muscles focusing the lens for close vision

83
Q

Submandibular ganglion

A

CN 7 to submandibular glands just medial to jaw

84
Q

Sublingual gland

A

CN 7 to sublingual ganglion

85
Q

Otic ganglion

A

CN 9 to parotid gland about 3 cm deep

86
Q

Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons

A

in dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMX)
- medial to nucleus of solitary tract; lateral to hypoglossal nucleus

87
Q

parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons outside the head (3)

A
  • Heart: in regions generating heartbeat ⇒ ganglion in the heart tissue the vagus nerve end on
  • Lungs: in lung tissue
  • Gut: in ganglia in the abdomen and pelvis
88
Q

effects of activation of PNS for CN 3?

A
  • Iris sphincter: constricts pupil of eye
  • Ciliary muscle: focuses lens of eye
89
Q

effects of activation of PNS for CN 7?

A
  • Lacrimal gland (tears): increased secretion
  • Nasal mucosa (mucus): increased secretion
  • Sublingual and submandibular salivary glands: increased secretion
90
Q

effects of activation of PNS for CN 9?

A
  • Parotid salivary gland: increased secretion
91
Q

effects of activation of PNS for CN 10?

A
  • Heart: slows heart rate
  • Lungs: constricts bronchial tree
  • Gut: increased gut motility and secretion
92
Q

effects of activation of PNS for sacral parasympathetic nucleus?

A
  • Urinary bladder: contracts ⇒ urination
  • Bowel: evacuates excretion
  • clitoris/penis: erection
93
Q

T/F there are both inhibitory and excitatory forms for parasympathetic ACh receptor?

A

True

94
Q

who first demonstrated the existence of neurotransmitters?

A

Otto Loewi who took stimulated vagus heart fluid and put it into a tub with a different heart which caused the second heart to slow like the first one

95
Q

general organization of SNS

A
  • cholinergic pre ganglionic neuron in CNS
  • (chain) ganglionic neuron expressing nicotinic receptor and usually containing norepinephrine
  • target tissue with alpha or beta adrenergic receptors
  • usually target is distant
96
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia

A

in PNS are second order neurons and live in bulges outside of the spinal cord

97
Q

where are the cell bodies of the SNS?

A

preganglionic neurons are in the thoracic spinal cord in the intermediolateral nucleus in the intermediate gray area
- goes out to sympathetic chain ganglia

98
Q

organization of SNS

A
  • axons exit through the ventral root to spinal nerve
  • right next to the vertebrae is the sympathetic chain where the neurons synapse with norepinephrine
  • this targets blood vessels, heart, trachea, hair follicles, etc.
99
Q

adrenal gland; what its stimulated by

A

unique part of the sympathetic nervous system
- when stimulated they release epinephrine (and norepinephrine) into the bloodstream
- Ach released from preganglionic neurons

100
Q

where does the adrenal medulla core develop from?

A

neural crest cells

101
Q

adrenal medulla is analogous to what?

A

chain ganglion
- innervated directly by intermediolateral nucleus of thoracic spinal cord (IML)
- bypasses the chain ganglia so there is no synapse there unlike other parts of the SNS

102
Q

receptors of norepinephrine and epinephrine

A
  1. alpha
  2. beta
103
Q

alpha receptors

A
  • constricts many blood vessels to increase blood pressure and decrease nasal secretions
  • Decreases gut motility
  • Contracts pupillary dilator muscle to make the pupil bigger
104
Q

beta receptors

A
  • Increase contractility of the heart
  • Dilates lung airways
105
Q

what is special about sweat glands?

A

part of SNS but don’t use norepinephrine and instead use Ash on their cholinergic neuron chain ganglion receptor
- still expressed the muscarinic cholinergic target receptor

106
Q

enteric nervous system roles

A
  • Contractions move food along gut
  • Secretions digest food
107
Q

what is the enteric gut system modulated by?

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

108
Q

anatomy of the small intestine (7)

A
  • Outer serosal layer
  • Longitudinal muscle ⇒ constricts the length
  • Myenteric plexus ⇒ nerve group
  • Circular muscle ⇒ constricts the diameter
  • Submucosal plexus ⇒ controls mucosa
  • Mucosa + villi
  • Lumen of the gut
109
Q

submucosal plexus

A

control secretion of digestive fluids from the mucosal layer

110
Q

myenteric plexus

A

gets input from the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS’s to control gut contractions

111
Q

what 2 parts of the gut control digestion?

A

submucosal plexus and mucosa

112
Q
A

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