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Neuroscience > Exam 1 Vocab review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Vocab review Flashcards

1
Q

cell soma

A

the cell body which contains the nucleus and synthesizes macromolecules/organelles, and integrates electrical activity

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2
Q

axons

A

nerve fibers (many branches) that carry nerve impulses away from the soma

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3
Q

myelin sheath CNS vs PNS

A

cell that speeds up the conduction of impulses on the axon of the neuron
- CNS = oligodendrocytes
- PNS = Schwann cells

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4
Q

synapse

A

the end of an axon, which comes close to another part of a different neuron and releases a neurotransmitter

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5
Q

neurotransmission

A

axon terminals release signals called neurotransmitters to other neurons at synapses

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6
Q

dendrites

A

receive synapses from axon terminals and protrude from the soma

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7
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A
  • Remove and recycle neurotransmitters
  • Insulate synapses from one another
  • Regulate the extracellular ionic environment of the neurons
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8
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

specialized glia that form myelin in the CNS

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9
Q

microglia

A

glia that are like immune cells for the CNs and clean up after TBI

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10
Q

ependyma

A

glia that lines the ventricles

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11
Q

what is different about glia from nerve cells

A

may have processes that look like dendrites but they DON’T have an axon

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12
Q

CNS

A

the brain and spinal cord which is enclosed by bone

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13
Q

PNS

A

consists of ganglia and nerves and is not enclosed by bone

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14
Q

Parts of the peripheral nervous system

A
  1. sensory neurons
  2. motoneurons
  3. autonomic nervous system
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15
Q

Sympathetic nervous sysen

A

triggers fight or flight

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16
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and recovery after sympathetic stimulation

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17
Q

enteric nervous system

A

lets the gut work and propel food

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18
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons in the CNS

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19
Q

nuclei

A

groups of neuronal cell bodies clustered together (cortical layers)

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20
Q

ganglia

A

groups of neuronal somata in the PNs

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21
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons in the PNS

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22
Q

What is white matter?

A

axon tracts

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23
Q

what is the gray matter?

A

soma collections

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24
Q

dorsal

A

back or top

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25
Q

ventral

A

bottom

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26
Q

rostral

A

toward the mouth

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27
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail

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28
Q

what are the 3 planes of sectioning?

A
  1. coronal such as splitting perpendicular to the front of the face
  2. horizontal such as splitting the brain into dorsal and ventral
  3. parasagittal, such as splitting later to the hemispheric fissure
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29
Q

brainstem parts

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
- The pontine sulcus is the groove: superior and inferior parts

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30
Q

diencephalon parts

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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31
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex
basal ganglia => lenticular nucleus and caudate nucleus
amygdala

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32
Q

gyrus

A

bump or ridge on the surface of the brain

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33
Q

sulcus

A

groove in the surface of the brain

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34
Q

fissure

A

deep grooves in the brain

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35
Q

pre-central gyrus

A

controls movement and is more anterior

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36
Q

post-central gyrus

A

controls touch and pain

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37
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor areas and complex thinking

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38
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensory area

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39
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual areas

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40
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory areas

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41
Q

interhemispheric fissure

A

splits the brain into two sides

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42
Q

central sulcus

A

divides the post and pre central gyrus as well as the frontal lobe from the parietal

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43
Q

development process steps

A
  1. fertilization to zygote (pronuclear stage has one from mom and one from dad)
  2. zygote to morula => 4-5 division cycles
  3. blastocyst => 2 cell layers and becomes circular and hollow (embryonic disk and bottom cubical shape)
  4. embryonic disk gets a primitive streak
  5. gastrulation (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
  6. Neurulation
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44
Q

Cell cycle phases

A

G1: initiates or blocks cell division
S: DNa replication
G2: proteins needed for mitosis are expressed
M: cell division
G0: the cell will not divide anymore and is not in the cell cycle

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45
Q

primitive streak

A

happens at the embryonic disk where cells are dividing and moving ventrally to the small cubical layer of cells to form a depression along the midline
- first appears at the caudal end and expands rostrally

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46
Q

3 layers of gastrulation and where they are in relation to one another

A
  1. endoderm is the ventral (bottom) layer
  2. mesoderm the middle layer
  3. ectoderm the dorsal (top) layer
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47
Q

what does the ecoderm produce

A

skin, CNS, and PNS

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48
Q

what does the mesoderm produce

A

bones, muscles, blood

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49
Q

what does the endoderm produce

A

lungs, liver, gut, other organs

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50
Q

neurulation

A

the flat neuro plate folds in on itself and the ridges on each side get closer until they meet along the midline

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51
Q

neural crest cells

A

produced from the neural tube closing, and these contribute to the peripheral neural system and detach from the ectoderm underneath it

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52
Q

anencephaly

A

defect in the anterior neural tube closing (the forebrain area didn’t close)

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53
Q

spina bifida

A

defect in posterior neural tube closing so that the spinal cord bulges out between vertebrae

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54
Q

alar plate

A

becomes the dorsal part of the spinal cord for sensory information

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55
Q

basal plate

A

becomes the ventral column of the spinal cord for motor axons

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56
Q

vesicles

A

swellings in the neural tube that form cavity regions of CSF called ventricles
1. forebrain => prosencephalon that forms the telencephalon, diencephalon, and optic vesicle
2. midbrain => also called the mesencephalon
3. hindbrain => rhombencephalon that forms the metencephalon and myelencephalon

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57
Q

secondary neural vesicles

A
  • pontine flexure which opens up to the 4th centrical between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon
    -cephalic flexure between the mesencephalon and the metencephalon
  • cervical flexure between the spinal cord and myelencephalon

=> order goes (spinal cord area) cervical -> pontine -> cephalic (closer to diencephalon area)

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58
Q

ependyma

A

in the formation of the spinal cord, which surrounds the 4th ventricle on the dorsal side

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59
Q

sulcus limitans

A

the dop between the sensory neuron plate and the motor neuron plate

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60
Q

placode

A

thickening of the non ectoderm cells in the head

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61
Q

where is the PNS derived from?

A

the neural crest and neurogenic placodes, as well as ectoderm cells

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62
Q

neural crest cell divergence (table)

A

sensory ganglia (spinal dorsal root ganglia), autonomic ganglia (adrenal medulla, parasympathetic), schwann cells, enteric nervous system, melanocytes

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63
Q

neurogenic placodes cell divergence (table)

A

sensory ganglia (trigeminal n, facial n, vagus n, etc.), hair cells of inner ear, anterior pituitary gland, lense of the eye (outgrowth of the optic vesicle from the diencephalon where placode cells invaginate)

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64
Q

where are the placodes located specifically?

A

only in the head region => olfactory, lens, etc.

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65
Q

what does the neural tube develop into?

A

the CNS

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66
Q

what 3 things protects the CNS?

A

meninges, ventricles, and CSF

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67
Q

meninges layers

A
  1. dura which is tough and adheres to skull/vertebrae
  2. arachnoid mater which is between dura and pia and is spider like connectively
  3. subarachnoid space (not technically a layer but between arachnoid and pia) and can be filled with CSF components
  4. pia which is a single cell layer on top of the cortex
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68
Q

which meningeal layer has pain sensing nerves?

A

the dura has sensory which is where we get headaches => we also have meningeal arteries which are blood vessels

69
Q

falx cerebri

A

dips into the interhemispheric fissure

70
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates the cerebrum and cerebellum

71
Q

ventricles (4)

A

cavities filled with CSF
1. lateral => x2
2. 3rd
3. 4th
- cerebral aqueduct between 3rd and 4th

72
Q

choroid plexus

A

network of blood vessels in ventricles that produce most of the CSF

73
Q

what is the CSF composed of?

A

high sodium, low potassium, little protein, glucose, and calcium in the fluid

74
Q

superior saggital sinus

A

major vein on the most dorsal part of the brain containing venous blood

75
Q

arachnoid granulation

A

projection of arachnoid matter and subarachnoid space through the dura into the veins

76
Q

how much CSF is produced/day?

A

500, but only 350 circulates and subarachnoid only holds 150 mL => the 350 gets circulated

77
Q

CSF circulation flow

A

Choroid plexus ⇒ into 3rd ventricle which adds CSF ⇒ aqueduct no more production ⇒ 4th ventricle with more production ⇒ lateral/medial aperture/ central canal ⇒ subarachnoid space around the whole brain and spinal cord ⇒ vein ⇒ drains through arachnoid granulations

78
Q

hydrocephalus

A

water on the brain => condition where the brain has increased pressure from CSF buildup

79
Q

how much blood does the body produce per day

A

5000 mL of blood and the brain holds 150 mL =>750-1000 flow through per minute (20% of the blood every minute in the brain)

80
Q

what is blood made of?

A

water, sodium, potassium, glucose, hormones, proteins, etc.

81
Q

red blood cells

A

use hemoglobin to carry oxygen and CO2 (35-54% of blood by volume which is the hematocrit)

82
Q

white blood cells

A

part of the immune system

83
Q

platelets

A

cells involved in clotting

84
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

has not made it to the lungs yet

85
Q

oxygenated blood

A

made it to the lungs but hasn’t hit tissue yet

86
Q

where does blood go into your heart?

A

it goes into the right atrium and then the ventricle

87
Q

where does blood leave the heart from?

A

the left atrium and left ventricle

88
Q

when blood leaves the right ventricle where does it go?

A

through the pulmonary ARTERY as deoxygenated blood

89
Q

when blood leaves the lungs, what does it go through?

A

the pulmonary VEIN into the left atrium and ventricle

90
Q

artery

A

carries blood away from the heart => high pressure

91
Q

vein

A

carrying blood toward the heart => low pressure

92
Q

what are the blood vessels form largest to smallest leaving the heart? Entering the heart from smallest to largest?

A

leaving: arteries, arterioles, capillaries
entering: capillaries, venules, veins, heart
capillaries: where O2 gets translated from the blood into the tissues and CO2 gets transferred back

93
Q

internal caroti arteries (3)

A
  1. common carotid: splits your face and deep brain
  2. internal carotid: branch that goes to the inner brain
  3. external carotid arteries: a branch that goes to the outer brain
94
Q

vertebral arteries

A

toward the side of the vertebrae and there are 2 holes on each lateral side to go through the chest and neck to foramen magnum at the base of the skull => supplies cerebellum and brianstem

95
Q

circle of willis

A

arteries that come together as a anastomosis protecting againsted blocked arteries
- internal carotid arteries
- 3 cerebral arteries => anterior, vertebral, middle
- communicating arteries => anterior and posterior
- basilar artery => splits into two vertebral ones

96
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

formed by two folds of dura which eventually drains into the internal jugular vein to carry blood to the heart

97
Q

transverse sinus

A

drains the blood out of the superior sagittal sinus which is carried out laterally and drains into the internal jugular vein

98
Q

jugular foramen

A

where the jugular and venous sinus connect at a hole leading out of the skull

99
Q

hypoxia

A

decreased oxygen to the brain => induces vasodilation
- increased CO2 increases vasodilation
- decreased CO2 increaes vasoconstriction

100
Q

what is the blood brain barrier?

A

tight junctions where capillary endothelium cells in the brain are also surrounded by astrocytes to only let nurtients enter and toxins exit via pumps
- lipids have an easier time passing though the barrier and may get stuck inside

101
Q

circumventricular organs

A

the few places in the brain where the blood brain barrier does not exist

102
Q

hemmrhagic stroke

A

bleeding in the skull arising from an aneurism in a blood vessel and can be treated by clipping the bottom of the ballooning blood vessel

103
Q

ischemic stroke

A

a clot blocking out part of the arterial system due to the artery being blocked
- treated with a clot buster but can cause muscle weaness, difficulty speaking, drooping face, etc.

104
Q

histological method

A
  1. treat the tissue with a preservative
  2. dissect the region of interest
  3. embed the tissue in peraphin/plastic to cut this section
  4. stain the tissue to reveal subject of interest
  5. examine with a microscope
105
Q

axon hallock

A

the place at the top of the axon where there trigger for the action potential is

106
Q

how many human chromosome sets are there?

A

23 pairs and 46 chromosomes all together

107
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome resulting from an extra 21st chromosome

108
Q

nissl substance

A

the rough ER of cells is stained purple => neurons have dark purple stain whereas other cells are less darkly colored

109
Q

what do microtubules do?

A

help with shape of the cell

110
Q

what do intermediate filaments do?

A

support long processes in neurons

111
Q

what do microfilaments (actin) do?

A

growth cones and extend the cell

112
Q

kinesins

A

move the cargo in the anterograde direction toward the axon terminal

113
Q

dyneins

A

move the cargo in the retrograde direction toward the cell body

114
Q

types of axon transport (speeds)

A
  1. fast retrograde (50-200 mm/day) or anterograde (100-400 mm/day)
    - fast anterograde for vesicles or organelles and retrograde for nerve growth factors
  2. slow anterograde (0.25-5 mm/day)
    - anterograde movement of neurofilaments required for structure
115
Q

rabies

A

virus is taken up by peripheral nerve terminals and transported retrogradely into cell bodies of the CNS

116
Q

herpes simplex

A

transported in sensory neurons and will survive in the soma of sensory neurons for life

117
Q

CNS glia

A
  • astrocytes for support
  • oligodendrocytes to myelinate axons
  • microglia as a housekeeper
118
Q

PNS glia

A
  • satellite cells to support the neurons
  • schwann cellsto myelinate axons
  • macrophages as housekeepers
119
Q

upper motor neurons

A

neurons that encode information over a long distance => start in the cortex and then move downward toward the spine

120
Q

major ions in the body

A

chloride, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium

121
Q

ligand

A

a chemical that makes a pore open

122
Q

initial segment

A

the sum of all excitatory and inhibitory inputs into the cell being monitered to stimulate the original action potential trigger in the axon

123
Q

refractory period

A

the time span where a new action potential cannot be generated

124
Q

lidocaine

A

drug that blocks voltage gated Na+ channels as well as action potentials => used as a local anesthetic

125
Q

channelopathies

A

family of diseases caused by abnormal function of an ion channel usually due to a mutation in a gene for a channel protein

126
Q

cable theory for axons

A

increasing diameter reduces resistance

127
Q

babinksi sign

A

indicative of upper motor neuron disease as a retraction element
- goes away when it is an adult developed upper motor neuron after 4 pos-2 yrs

128
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

antibodies attack myelin causing it to swell and detatch from the axon

129
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

130
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter in teh brain

131
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions and other places
- enzymes break it up into choline and acetate which are taken up into the terminal by a choline transporter where it can be useful for synthesis of new transmitters

132
Q

exocytosis

A

cell cargo is released to the external area => neurotransmitters are released to synaptic cleft

133
Q

tetanus

A

clostridium bacteria that produce a toxin taken up by inhibitory spinal interneurons which degrades SNARE proteins for exocytosis

134
Q

SNARE proteins

A

proteins that are along the membrane and in the vesicular membranes that interact with calcium and help release the neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleft

135
Q

which neurotransmitters can be recycles through local astrocytes

A

glutamate and GABA

136
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A

drugs for depression and anxiety are SSRIs
- lets seratonin stay longer in the synaptic cleft and activity is prolonged

137
Q

ionotriphic receptor

A

ligand gated ion channels changed by binding of a ligand not a voltage

138
Q

metabotrophic

A

G-protein coupled receptors which break apart and have a second messenger system that causes another channel to open

139
Q

NMDA receptor

A

main glutamate receptor as well as a glutamate binding site where at resting potential it is blocked by magnesium, but when the neuron is partiallu depolarized to remove magnesium glutamate can initiate opening of the channel and allow Na+, Ca2+, and K+ passage

140
Q

agonists

A

activators for neurotransmission receptors

141
Q

antagonists

A

inhibitors of neurotransmission receptor

142
Q

Ketamine

A

a sedative or anestheisa (antagonist) for NMDA (glutamate)

143
Q

EPSPs

A

excitatory postsynaptic potentials that push the axon to become more depolarized (+)

144
Q

IPSPs

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that push the axon to become more hyperpolarized (-)

145
Q

graded potential

A

amplitude varies with intensity of the stimulus and can be depolarizing or repolarizing

146
Q

long term potential (LTP)

A

this change is long lasting after a burst of excitatory activity on a postynaptic neuron

147
Q

lamina

A

the pieces of the bone where beneath them you find the spinal cord

148
Q

dorsal roots

A

carry sensory information into the psinal cord on the posterior side

149
Q

ventral roots

A

carry motor axons out of the spinal cord

150
Q

spinal nerves

A

formed by the fusion of dorsal and ventral roots merging

151
Q

ganglion

A

bunch of cell bodies in the PNS

152
Q

vertebral column

A

cervival (7) => arms and hands
thoracic (12) => stomach and back
lumbar (5) => front of the legs and feet
sacral (4) => back of the legs and butt

153
Q

cauda equina

A

the bottom of the spinal cord that is a sack of nerve roots

154
Q

dermatomes

A

regions of the body where certain spinal nerves are innervating portions of the body

155
Q

dorsal horn

A

has the sensory neurons

156
Q

ventral horn

A

motor neurons

157
Q

white matter regions in the spine

A

dorsal, lateral, and ventral funiculus

158
Q

gray matter in the spine

A

dorsal horn, intermediate grey, and ventral horn

159
Q

out of cervival, thoracic, and lumbar which has less gray matter?

A

thoracic has less gray matter because they innervate limbs

160
Q

does rostral or caudal have more white matter?

A

rostral has more white matter because there are more axons going down from the brain

161
Q

spinal systems

A

sensory and motor

162
Q

sensory system

A
  1. skin => touch, vibration, temperature
  2. viscera => heart, lungs, gut, etc. organs
  3. self sensing like muscle length, load, and joint angle
163
Q

somatosensory information processing

A
  1. local spinal circuits => hardwired mediated spinal reflexes preprogrammed for stimuli
  2. information to cerebellum and brainstem => balance and coordination of movements
  3. information to cerebral cortex => conscious perceptions and other responses
164
Q

spinocerebellar tract

A

starts in the spine and then goes upward to the cerebellum

165
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

pain and temperature and enters in the dorsal horn before crossing over and carrying up to the thalamus

166
Q

dorsal column pathway

A

vibration and proprioception for touch which asends up the spinal cord through the dorsal funiculi and into the brainstem to the thalamus

167
Q

corticospinal tract

A

runs down from the motor region of the cerebra cortex into the lateral funiculi area and then through the ventral horn to the biceps to contract

168
Q

arthritis

A

pressure on a spinal nerve in a foramen which causes pain and muscle weakness

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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