Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Cerebral Cortex 2 and Language > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex 2 and Language Flashcards

1
Q

what are the structural methods for imaging a live brain?

A
  • CT
  • MRI
  • DTI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

functional methods for imaging a live brain

A
  • PET
  • fMRI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Computerized tomography (CT)

A

a narrow beam of x-rays is aimed at a patient and quickly rotated around the body, producing signals that are processed by the machines computer to generate cross sectional images or slices
- These images can be reconstructed to form a 3D view of the body
- CT scanner is like a donut, not a tube like an MRI
- Can be easier for claustrophobic patients to tolerate it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

clinical situations when you use a CT (5)

A
  • Stroke
  • Headache
  • Abdominal pain
  • Unexplained bleeding
  • Guiding neurosurgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how are CT’s used in research situations?

A
  • Can do CT on a variety of animals as well as humans
  • Allows for tracking changes in an animal over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what identifying things are in a CT? (3)

A
  • The very bright region is the skull
  • Acute blood would be bright
  • Chronic blood would be dark
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Subdural hematoma features (3)

A
  1. Midline shift
  2. Sulci in right hemisphere are thin or difficult to see ⇒ due to swelling
  3. Isointensity indicates subacute blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what dye can be used to examine blood supply to the brain

A

iodine based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Advantages of CT (4)

A
  • Non invasive
  • Can use tracers to distinguish particular tissues of interest
  • Very little distortion
  • Quick
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Disadvantages of CT (2)

A
  • Difficult to see fine features ⇒ low resolution
  • Like X-rays you need to worry about repeated exposure to radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

uses powerful magnets that produce a strong magnetic field to force protons in the body to align with the field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does MRI work?

A
  • When radiofrequency current is pulsed through the patient, the protons are stimulated and strain against the pull of the magnetic field
  • When the radiofrequency is turned off, the MRI sensors detect the energy that is given off as the protons realign
  • The amount of energy released varies with various environments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can be difficult for patients with an MRI?

A

Can be difficult for claustrophobic patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when can you use MRI clinically (3)

A
  • Stroke ⇒ not acute
  • Dementia
  • Tumor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when can you use MRI for research?

A

Whenever you want a detailed image of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MRI settings (4)

A
  • PD
  • TD
  • T1
  • MRA => MR angiography
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PD MRI

A

good for viewing subtle changes in anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

TD MRI

A

fluid appears light and good for viewing edema, MS lesions, demyelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T1 MRI

A

good for viewing general anatomy and with contrast (gadolinium) good for detecting breakdown in blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MRA MRI

A

good for viewing blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens in frontotemporal dementia

A

Reduced volume of gyri because the brain has shrunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do multiple sclerosis lesions look like?

A

white dots on the MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

advantages of MRI (4)

A
  • Non invasive
  • Beautiful, very detailed images of the brian
  • Aligned with functional MRI
  • No significant radiation exposure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

disadvantages of MRI (3)

A
  • Take longer to obtain and can be uncomfortable
  • Expensive
  • Not possible for people who have metal in their bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

specific sequences are used that take advantage of diffusion of water molecules along white matter in the brain ⇒ used to look at white matter
- Technically a particular type of MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

radioactive tracer is given before the scan and will build up in areas of higher chemical activity
- may bind to particular receptors, transporters, etc.
- can be combined with Ct to look for cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where does Fluorodeoxyglucose build up

A

in areas where brain cells are more active ⇒ consuming more glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

takes advantage of the fact that changes in blood flow are associated with neural activity
- Measures the BOLD (blood oxygenation level dependent) signal
- Does not measure neural activity, but BOLD correlates highly with neural activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how fast do BOLD measurements change?

A

over seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how is fMRI used in clinical settings? (3)

A
  • Plan surgical approach
  • Plan radiation treatment
  • Use for biofeedback
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

does fMRI or PET have better temporal resolution

A

fMRI offers a much faster temporal resolution than PET

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is an advantage of PET?

A

PET can give molecular specificity with the use of particular radiotracers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what sensorimotor cortices are functions of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • primary visual
  • primary auditory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what association cortices are functions of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Parietal association cortex
  • Temporal association cortex
  • Frontal association cortex
35
Q

association areas

A

parts of the cortex that don’t receive direct sensory information through the major sensory pathways or motor thalamic nuclei

36
Q

unimodal

A

information type located adjacent to or near the primary sensorimotor cortical areas
- processes one type of sensorimotor information

37
Q

multimodal

A

process many types of information in complex ways

38
Q

what is special about association cortexes?

A
  • have extensive connections with sensory, other, and other association regions
  • Integrate information and perform higher mental function
  • Occupy a much larger fraction of the total brain in humans vs other animals
39
Q

modularity

A

particular brain areas are highly specialized for specific functions
- Obviously true of primary sensorimotor cortical areas
- Probably true for higher cognitive functions in association areas as well

40
Q

which parietal cortex(s) does the right visual field send stimulation to?

A

both the left and the right

41
Q

which parietal cortex(s) does the left visual field send stimulation to?

A

only the right parietal cortex

42
Q

what happens if there is damage to the right parietal cortex?

A

damage is very impactful because there will be no extra representation of the left visual field

43
Q

Partial neglect

A

patients with damage to the right parietal cortex have trouble attending to the left visual field ⇒ in this case patients are not aware the visual field is there
- Different from occipital damage because they know the left visual field is still there and will move their head to see it

44
Q

Temporal association cortex

A

processes high level features of objects, faces, and places
- lesion will cause agnosia

45
Q

agnosias

A

difficulty recognizing and or naming things

46
Q

what is the face area that is one of the strongest examples of modularity in the association cortex

A

fusiform face area
- part of the brain that is more active when someone views faces than when they view almost anything else

47
Q

what is the result of frontal lobe damage?

A

a problem with the patients character
- Diverse functions found in different areas of the frontal lobe, including planning, decision making, abstract thought, representation of self, etc.
- Phineas gage is a classic example

48
Q

language

A

method of communication that is not specific to a given context ⇒ includes content that hasn’t been previously described or conceived
- Can be used for a variety of functions

49
Q

brain regions involved in language (3)

A
  • Broca’s
  • Wernicke’s
  • Transcortical motor area
50
Q

vocal language

A

uses sounds for communication

51
Q

sign language

A

uses gestures and facial expressions for communication

52
Q

written language

A

uses written symbols for communication

53
Q

what do bees do when they find nectar?

A

dance to show direction and distance to nectar source
- the angle of the figure 8 is the angle from the hive relative to the sun to the nectar source and the length is proportional to the distance away
- The energy the bee performed the dance is proportional to how good the source is

54
Q

what do velvet monkeys do to communicate?

A

have specific cries for specific predators ⇒ eagle, leopards, and snakes
- Nearby monkeys respond appropriately

55
Q

what did Washoe the monkey do?

A

Washoe the monkey could use 160 words with sign language and could teach sign language to her child

56
Q

why is animal communication not language?

A

language includes discussion for more than just survival purposes and can come up with concepts not thought of before

57
Q

Sounds (phonemes)

A

are combined into words in spoken languages ⇒ combinations of gestures and facial expression can be combined into words in signed language

58
Q

syntax

A

specifies word order when combining words into sentences to express more complex thoughts

59
Q

Aptitude in language

A

humans appear to be naturally equipped for language and it seems to be unique to humans
- Communication by vocalization, gestures, or symbols may not be completely unique to humans, but humans have dramatically expanded its usefulness

60
Q

what is universally observed about language acquisition in cultures?

A

same sequence across cultures is universally observed
- There are no genetic predisposition for specific languages ⇒ we learn what is spoken to us

61
Q

when does ability to learn new language easily end?

A

12-16 => puberty

62
Q

Sequence of acquisition of language comprehension (7)

A
  1. 1-11 months: newborns will notice differences between different vowel sounds, including sounds that ultimately wont be used in their native language
  2. 5 months: newborns start to recognize vowel sounds that are used in the language they are spoken to
  3. 11 months: newborn responses start to decline to sounds not used in the language in which they are spoken to
  4. 12 months: newborns understand 60-90 words in native language
  5. 15 months: understand basic word combinations ⇒ sleep now
  6. 18 months: understand basic word order ⇒ come with mommy
  7. 28 months: understand more complex word order ⇒ stop sweetie, you’re spilling milk
63
Q

prosody

A

intonation and emphasis in language ⇒ Meaning can be changed by emphasis and tone as well as by the words
- Can communicate emotional state of speaker

64
Q

how does prosody change across languages?

A

There are characteristic prosodic patterns to different languages so there are different rhythms to speech in different languages

65
Q

what are fetuses exposed to in utero?

A

prosody but not language because prosody employs lower frequency sound than speech itself
- They prefer hearing their mothers voice
- They prefer hearing the language the mother spoke when the child was in utero

66
Q

people with lesions on the left cerebral hemisphere have difficulties with what?

A

speaking

67
Q

ischemic stroke

A

vessel clots
- when in the vessel supplying the left hemisphere it frequently impairs speech

68
Q

difficulties in language after a left hemisphere stroke? (3)

A
  • people will have difficulty speaking or following spoken instructions
  • difficulty writing, or following written instructions
  • ASL will have difficulty comprehending or using ASL
69
Q

brocas area

A

cannot produce speech well but can comprehend it ⇒ expressive aphasia
- Closer to homunculus area at the level where the head and mouth are represented
- Telegraphic speech leaving out articles and connecting words

70
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

you can produce words well but they carry no meaning ⇒ fluent aphasia
- Next to the primary auditory cortex in the head homunculus area as well

71
Q

global aphasia

A

complete loss of language ⇒ creation and comprehension of speech, signing, writing
- Results from lesions (strokes) encompassing both Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

72
Q

what is the Wernicke-Geschwind model of language?

A
  1. wernicke’s area decodes meaning from words ⇒ comprehension of language spoken, written, and signed
  2. Broca’s area creates language ⇒ sounds, signs, symbols with meaning
73
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

connects Wernicke’s area with Broca’s area

74
Q

what happens in the anterior and posterior structures of the right hemisphere that are mirror images of Broca’s and Wernicke’s?

A
  • Anterior is production of prosody ⇒ like Broca’s
  • Posterior is comprehension of prosody ⇒ like Wernicke’s
    Note: more recent studies implicate parts of the left hemisphere in prosody as well
75
Q

what happens with damage to the right hemisphere prosody areas?

A

persons speech can lack prosody and sound flatter/less emotional that we are used to hearing

76
Q

what will T1 MRI show?

A

regions in which blood flow is absent
- Signs of stroke, tumor, or lesion

77
Q

people with deficits to identifying a specific person or thing in a picture will probably have damage in what area?

A

left temporal lobe

78
Q

people who struggle with naming animals may have damage to what areas?

A

the left posterolateral and anterolateral temporal region as well as broca’s area

79
Q

people who have issues naming tools may have damage to what areas?

A

the inferior sensorimotor cortex and left posterolateral temporal region

80
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia

A

non fluent speech but are able to repeat back words and even long sentences
- Lesioned area appears to be involved with word choice

81
Q

what lesion areas are associated with transcortical motor aphasia?

A

left dorsolateral frontal cortex, adjacent to Broca’s area (above Broca’s)

82
Q

what is unique about the English family KE?

A

included a number of members with severe difficulties with speech
- Single gene is responsible

83
Q

FOXP2 gene

A

encodes a transcription factor that controls gene expression
- Could affect many different genes
- FOXP2 is still being studied but it seems less likely that it specifically allowed the evolution of language ⇒ been discarded at this point

Neuroscience (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions