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Neuroscience > Exam 2: Lecture 19 Hearing and balance > Flashcards

Exam 2: Lecture 19 Hearing and balance Flashcards

1
Q

where is the labyrinth embedded within the skull?

A

along the Petrous ridges of the temporal bone

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2
Q

labyrinth

A

(inner ear) the structure comprised of the cochlea, vestibule (utricle and saccule) and semicircular canals

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3
Q

cochlea

A

(hearing) spiral tube shaped like a snail shell as the organ that transduces sound into nerve impulses ⇒ part of the labyrinth

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4
Q

semicircular canals: what they do and where they connect

A

(balance) organs that transduce angular acceleration (rotation) into nerve impulses
- connecting at the vestibule

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5
Q

vestibule components

A
  • utricle and saccule)
  • (balance) organs that sense linear acceleration, including gravity
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6
Q

external ear components (2)

A
  • Air filled; open chamber
  • Pressure from sound moves the ear drum
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7
Q

middle ear

A

ossicles

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8
Q

ossicles

A

transmit pressure exerted by sound to the cochlea
- maleus, incus, stapes

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9
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea
- Sound vibrations are transmitted to liquid filled, closed chamber
- Basilar membrane: floor of chamber vibrates in response to sound
- On the anterior medial side of the labyrinth

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10
Q

oval window

A

how the sound gets transmitted to the cochlea
- Footplate of the stapes ⇒ movements can move fluid
- Fluid flows through the tube to the apex and then out at the round window

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11
Q

spiral ganglion

A

auditory primary afferents for hearing that contains the cell bodies responding to sound by hair cell vibration
- includes the cochlear nerve

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12
Q

basilar membrane

A

hair cells sit on here and are innervated by the spiral ganglion

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13
Q

hair cells

A

separate cell that communicates with the spiral ganglion neurons
- Acting as receptor cells (innervate) to sense vibrations and transmit that to the spiral ganglion

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14
Q

what effect does sound have?

A

when sound hits the eardrum there is compression of the tympanic membrane which compresses the fluid in the cochlea
- Displaces the basilar membrane

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15
Q

compression

A

downward movement of the basilar membrane

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16
Q

rarefaction

A

upward movement of the basilar membrane

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17
Q

how are the base and apex of the basilar membrane different?

A

Base: narrow, thick, tense ⇒ cross section is small
- Responds to high frequency sounds
Apex: wide, thin, flaccid ⇒ cross section is wider
- Responds to low frequency sounds

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18
Q

what resonant frequency does the round window have?

A

high frequency

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19
Q

low frequency would be Xhz and high frequency would by Yhz

A

low = 100; high = 10,000

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20
Q

what kind of mathematical property does the basilar membrane have?

A

logarithmic organization

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21
Q

how do hair cells work?

A
  • cell has a nucleus and from one end of the cell there are fibrous hairs at different length
  • the longest hair bending causes depolarization which excites the cell to release a neurotransmitter onto the spiral ganglion neuron = on
  • vice versa
22
Q

regions involved in processing sounds (5)

A
  • cochlear nuclei
  • superior olivary nuclei
  • inferior colliculus
  • medial geniculate nucleus
  • auditory cortex
23
Q

cochlear nuclei

A

sound localization and identification (medulla)

24
Q

superior olivary nuclei

A

more involved in sound localization and volume control (pons)

25
Q

inferior colliculus

A

identification of and reflexive responses to sounds (midbrain)

26
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

thalamic relay nucleus (relays audition to our primary auditory cortex right on top of the temporal lobe)

27
Q

auditory cortex

A

tonotopic organization and sound identification

28
Q

tonotopic organization

A

different areas of the top of the temporal lobe respond to different frequencies of sound

29
Q

pitch

A

a single frequency

30
Q

conducting deafness

A

ear wax or issues with ossicles (bone growths; arthritis)
- Easiest to treat
- Arthritis prevents the bones form moving

31
Q

sensorineural

A

result from exposure to loud noises or age related loss of high frequency hearing ⇒ treated with hearing aids
- Most common form of deafness

32
Q

tinnitus

A

ringing in ears
- Common and associated with hearing loss

33
Q

endolymph

A

the name of the fluid inside the ear ⇒ exerts a force at the cupula base of the semicircular canal

34
Q

cupula

A

has hair cells embedded in it and depending on the motion of the fluid the cells are hyperpolarized or depolarized
- at the base of the semicircular canals

35
Q

excitation

A

includes depolarization of the hair cell and increased impulse frequency

36
Q

inhibition

A

includes hyperpolarization of the hair cells and decreased impulse frequency

36
Q

what do the semicircular canals vs the vestibule sense?

A

rotation vs linear acceleration

37
Q

utricle

A

hair cells in the horizontal sheet (side ways too)
- Detects acceleration front-back; left-right

38
Q

saccule

A

hair cells in the vertical sheet
- Mid Sagittal vertical plane detecting acceleration front-back; up-down

39
Q

flocculondular lobe

A

part of the cerebellum involved in balance

40
Q

where do the central vestibular apparatus project axons to?

A

the vestibular nuclei in caudal pons and flocculonodular lobe

41
Q

where do the vestibular nuclei project axons to? (3)

A
  1. Spinal cord (for when we sense balance is changing)
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Cranial nerve nuclei controlling eye movements ⇒ oculomotor (3), trochlear (4), abducens (6)
42
Q

functions of the vestibular nuclei (3)

A
  1. projections to spinal cord
  2. cerebellum
  3. projections to nuclei innervating extra ocular muscle
43
Q

what do projections to the spinal cord and cerebellum do?

A
  • Coordinate eye movements with head and neck movements
  • Coordinate vestibular input with anti-gravity muscles such as reflex
44
Q

what do projections to nuclei innervating the extra ocular muscle do

A

Track object while turning your head

45
Q

what are the 3 input systems to tell us how our body is oriented?

A
  1. vestibular => balance
  2. proprioception => feet and floor
  3. vision
46
Q

vertigo

A

sensation of turning in the absence of motion

47
Q

Menderes disease

A

disorder of entire inner ear ⇒ hearing + balance (type of vertigo)

48
Q

nystagmus

A

repetitive tracking eye movements in the absence of movement

49
Q

motion sickness

A

vestibular input to reticular formation => autonomic centers

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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