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Neuroscience > Exam 2: Lecture 13 Forebrain > Flashcards

Exam 2: Lecture 13 Forebrain Flashcards

1
Q

parts of the diencephalon (4)

A

Epithalamus: pineal gland
Thalamus: many important functions
Subthalamus: involved with basal ganglia
Hypothalamus: many functions ⇒ autonomic regulation

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2
Q

what does the hypothalamus do for functions? (5)

A

autonomic regulation for:
- Temperature regulation
- Feeding and drinking
- Circadian rhythms
- Aggression and flight
- Sexual activity
–> release hormones into the blood that act on the pituitary gland which dumps stuff into the bloodstream to cause hormonal signals (vasopressin, oxytocin, etc.)

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3
Q

pituitary stalk

A

where the pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus

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4
Q

What can be seen in the images of the thalamus? (5)

A
  • reticular nucleus
  • 3rd ventricle
  • inter thalamic adhesion
  • corpus callous
  • internal capsule
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5
Q

thalamic reticular nucleus

A

the thalamus is surrounded by a thin outer shell of neurons and relays many things

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6
Q

the thalamus relays everything but what?

A

smell

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7
Q

internal medullary lamina

A

sheets of axons running through the middle of the thalamus
- These separate different thalamic nuclei (groups of neurons)
- divides the thalamus into 3 regions

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8
Q

intralaminar nuclei

A

clusters of neurons in the axons of the internal medullary lamina

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9
Q

3 types of nuclei in the thalamus

A
  • specific nuclei
  • association nuclei
  • nonspecific nuclei
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10
Q

specific nuclei

A

(tract specific) relay specific sensory or motor information to specific regions of cortex ⇒ visual thalamus projects to visual cortex
- Associated with somatosensory or motoneurons in the cerebral cortex
- Relay the information from one point to another

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11
Q

Functions of association nuclei

A

relay information from association thalamus to association cortex ⇒ respond to more than one type of sensory stimulus
- Neurons in the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus may respond to both visual and auditory stimuli
- Association nuclei project their axons to association cortex in the posterior parietal lobe

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12
Q

nonspecific nuclei

A

have diffuse (all over) projections to cortex ⇒ respond to 1+ sensory stimuli
- Thalamic neurons in these regions may also respond to more than one stimulus
- They project widely throughout the cerebral cortex not just to association cortex and include the intralaminar nuclei

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13
Q

inter thalamic adhesion

A

where the two thalamus halves touch, nothing goes on here

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14
Q

what surrounds the outside of the thalamus

A

reticular nucleus

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15
Q

what runs like a band through the middle (white band)

A

Internal medullary lamina

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16
Q

what does the medial geniculate nucleus do?

A

relay hearing from the thalamus

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17
Q

what does the lateral geniculate nucleus do?

A

relay vision from the thalamus

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18
Q

what does the anterior and ventral lateral nucleus do?

A

relay motor from the thalamus

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19
Q

what does the ventral posterior medial nuclei do?

A

touch and pain
- also relays head and face information from the thalamus

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20
Q

what does the ventral posterior lateral nuclei do?

A

relay information from the thalamus to the rest of the body

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21
Q

relay nuclei

A

send axons to the cerebral cortex
- projections are ipsilateral (same side)

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22
Q

where do the visual, motor, and associated thalamus go?

A

go to the visual, motor, and associated cortex

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23
Q

what are the association thalamus regions?

A

medial dorsal nucleus and pulvinar nucleus

24
Q

medial dorsal nucleus

A

prefrontal association cortex

25
Q

pulvinar nucleus

A

parietal-occipital temporal association cortex

26
Q

what are the nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus

A

reticular nucleus and intralaminar nuclei

27
Q

what is the nucleus and output related to the hypothalamus and hippocampus?

A

anterior nucleus and cingulate cortex (limbic)

28
Q

what is the nucleus and output related to the cerebellum?

A

ventral lateral nucleus and motor cortex

29
Q

what is the nucleus and output related to the retina?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex

30
Q

what is the nucleus and output related to the somatosensory and visceral sensory?

A

ventral posterior nucleus (lateral and medial) and somatosensory cortex and visceral cortex

31
Q

what is the nucleus and output related to the inferior colliculus?

A

medial geniculate nucleus and auditory cortex

32
Q

what is the nucleus and output related to the cortex and other areas?

A

other nuclei and association cortex

33
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

the flow of information from the thalamus to cortex is gated by inputs from the cortex and the brain stem reticular activating system via the reticular nucleus of the thalamus
- inhibits neuron output

34
Q

what is the result of gating thalamic output?

A

sleep and concentration

35
Q

internal capsule

A

superhighway of axons entering and exiting the cortex relaying information ascending from the thalamus and descending from the cortex

36
Q

what axons keep descending from the thalamus?

A

corticospinal tract and cortical neurons for fine motor control

37
Q

what is the telencephalon made up of? (3)

A

neocortex, limbic and olfactory cortex, and the basal ganglia

38
Q

what structures are in the cerebral cortex?

A

the allocortex (3-5 cell layers that includes the hippocampus) and the neocortex which is 6 cell layers

39
Q

how does the wiring of the neocortex work? (4)

A
  • Thalamus projects to layer IV
  • Layer IV projects to II and III which interconnect with other cortical areas (info from thalamus)
  • Layer V projects to brainstem and spinal cord ⇒ fine motor movements
  • Layer VI projects back to thalamus ⇒ input from cerebral cortex back to the thalamus as well
40
Q

what are the primary cortical regions (2)

A

primary sensory cortex and primary motor cortex

41
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

cortex that is innervated by specific thalamic relay nuclei for the same sense ⇒ first stop in cerebral cortex from thalamus which can get processed further
- includes vision and somatosensation

42
Q

primary motor cortex

A

cortex that innervates spinal cord or brainstem and controls motoneurons

43
Q

what input goes in to the association and what goes out?

A

in: visual, somatosensory, auditory cortexes
out: speech, writing, functional correlation, sensory motor coordination

44
Q

cerebral commissures

A

A region of cortex on one side of the brian communicates with the same region on the other side
- discrete bundle of axons that cross the midline

45
Q

what are the 2 cerebral cortex commissures?

A
  1. corpus callous
  2. anterior commissure for olfactory system and related information (all vertebrates)
46
Q

what happens when there are lesions of the corpus callosum

A

epilepsy via uncontrolled contraction and possibly full body seizure
- CC can be cut but then you have “2 minds”

47
Q

what is part of the limbic and olfactory cortical areas? (3)

A
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • fornix
48
Q

hippocampus location

A

in the temporal lobe inside the parahippocampal gyrus

49
Q

amygdala

A

in the anterior temporal lobe, just rostral to the hippocampus
- Involved in conditioned fear responses

50
Q

fornix

A

from the hippocampus to mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
- tract of the limbic system

51
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of nuclei in the midbrain, diencephalon, and basal region of the telencephalon with roles in the motor system and motivation
- includes drug use

52
Q

major nuclei of the basal ganglia (4)

A
  1. striatum (telencephalon)
  2. globus pallidus (telencephalon)
  3. sub thalamic nucleus (diencephalon)
  4. substantia nigra (midbrain)
53
Q

striatum (3 nuclei)

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Nucleus accumbens

54
Q

globules pallidus

A

part of the basal ganglia

55
Q

sub thalamic nucleus

A

part of the diencephalon positioned ventral to the thalamus and dorsolateral to the mammillary bodies
- motor control and movement

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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