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Neuroscience > Exam 2: Vision (15 and 16) > Flashcards

Exam 2: Vision (15 and 16) Flashcards

1
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva and can be the result of an allergic reaction or an infection causing pink eye
- produces mucus and tears to fight microbes
- does NOT cover the cornea and is continuous with the portion covering the sclera

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2
Q

what gland secretes tears?

A

lacrimal gland secretes lacrimal fluid (tears) to keep the conjunctiva and cornea moist

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3
Q

what cranial nerve innervates the levator palpebral superioris to open the eye?

A

CN 3 oculomotor

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4
Q

3 layers of the eye?

A

outer, middle, inner

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5
Q

what does the outer layer of the eye contain? (2)

A
  • cornea
  • sclera (continuous with dura mater)
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6
Q

what does the middle layer of the eye contain? (3)

A
  • Iris
  • Ciliary body
  • Choroid (continuous with pia/arachnoid)
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7
Q

what does the inner layer of the eye contain? (1)

A

Retina (continuous with optic nerve and brain)

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8
Q

3 layers of tissue enclosing the eye to keep its shape?

A
  • Sclera
    Tough white fibrous tissue
    Anterior portion is cornea
  • Choroid
    Highly vascularized
    Continuous with the iris and ciliary body
    Opening in center of iris is pupil
  • Retina
    Optic nerve exits retina at optic disk
    No photo receptor at blind spot
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9
Q

iris

A

pupil dilator muscle, pupil sphincter muscle, and pigment cells

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10
Q

Ciliary body

A

suspension lens, ciliary muscle for near focus of lens, aqueous humor

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11
Q

Anterior vs posterior chamber

A

space between iris and cornea vs space between the lens and the iris

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12
Q

Aqueous humor

A

continuously made by the ciliary body, maintains intraocular pressure, drains via canals into the blood

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13
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

space between the lens and the retina filled with vitreous humor

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14
Q

vitreous humor

A

thick and gelatinous, can contains debris called floaters ⇒ helps the eyeball keep its shape

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15
Q

glaucoma

A

results if production and drainage are not in balance where fluid accumulates in the anterior chamber⇒ puts pressure on the eye

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16
Q

what is the path of light?

A
  1. Cornea: main focusing element
    - Iris: regulates the amount of light
  2. Anterior chamber
  3. Pupil: hole in the iris
  4. Posterior chamber
  5. Lens: fine focus/Ciliary body: suspends lens
  6. Vitreous chamber
  7. Retina
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17
Q

nearsighted

A

the cornea focuses the light in front of the retina

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18
Q

farsighted

A

the cornea focuses the light behind the retina

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19
Q

what are the layers of the retina from top down? (8)

A
  1. retinal pigment epithelium
  2. inner and outer segments (receptor apparatus)
  3. outer nuclear layer
  4. outer plexiform layer
  5. inner nuclear layer
  6. inner plexiform layer
  7. ganglion cell layer
  8. optic fiber layer (axons of ganglion cells)
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20
Q

pigment epithelial cells (RPE) of the retina

A

provides nutrients to the photoreceptors and also has melanin to keep the light from getting to the rest of the retina
- Contains small microvilli which come into the photoreceptors below (lose bond)

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21
Q

what is retinal detachment?

A

occurs when the retinal epithelial layer lift away from the rods and cones which starves the photoreceptor cells

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22
Q

Inner and outer segments of the retina

A

senses light for rods and cones

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23
Q

outer nuclear layer of the retina

A

photoreceptor neurons (rods and cones)

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24
Q

outer plexiform layer of the retina

A

many axons and dendrites here of the photoreceptors

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25
Q

inner nuclear layer of the retina

A

contains horizontal, bipolar, amacrine cells where rods and cones synapse before these cells synapse on the ganglion cell

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26
Q

inner plexiform layer of the retina

A

axons and dendrites

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27
Q

ganglion cell layer of the retina

A

axons forming the optic nerve

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28
Q

optic fiber layer of the retina

A

axons of retinal ganglion cells (along vitreous chamber)

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29
Q

what do rods do?

A

sensitive in low light and important for motion detection
- Rhodopsin is the light sensitive protein in rod cells
- needs vitamin A and zinc

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30
Q

what do cones do?

A

sensitive in bright light, color sensitive, and important for high acuity vision
- Different opsins are sensitive to different wavelengths of light
- 3 types of cone cells each with a different opsin and sensitive to a different wavelength

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31
Q

opsin

A

light sensitive proteins in photoreceptors; opsins bind retinal, which is a vitamin A derivative ⇒ also allow for fine details

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32
Q

when are photoreceptor cells depolarized and hyper polarized

A

depolarized in the dark and hyper polarized in the light
- Light reduces release of transmitter (glutamate) released from photoreceptors

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33
Q

bipolar cells

A

(interneuron) synapse with all other types of retinal neurons
- Most direct route of transfer of visual information from photoreceptors to ganglion cells
- Select type of information to relay to ganglion cells

34
Q

how many rod vs cone cells connect to a single bipolar cell?

A

15-30 rods vs 1 cone cell

35
Q

horizontal cells

A

synapse with photoreceptor and bipolar cells ⇒ talk to several rods and cones
- Enhance contrast through lateral interactions

36
Q

Amacrine cells

A

synapse with bipolar and ganglion cells ⇒ talks to ganglion cells
- Helps adapt to changing light conditions

37
Q

retinal ganglion cells

A

receive synapses from bipolar and amacrine cells
- Most receive information originating from rod and cone photoreceptor cells
- M and P cells

38
Q

P type ganglion cells

A

small dendritic arbor; receive information from few bipolar cells
Important for color and form perception

39
Q

M type ganglion cells

A

large dendritic arbor that receive information from many bipolar cells
Important for motion perception

40
Q

fovea

A

specialized for high acuity vision
- only has cones while the rest of the retina has more rods than cones
- reading or identifying faces

41
Q

Macula

A

the novae is in the center of the macula

42
Q

what is an important function of the extra ocular muscles regarding looking at objects?

A

they move the eyes so the object of interest falls on the fovea

43
Q

optic nerve head

A

the start of the optic nerve where there is no retina ⇒ blind spot

44
Q

retinotopic organization receptive fields

A

neurons with receptive fields close together in visual space have cell bodies close together in the cortex

45
Q

where does the optic nerve attach to the brain?

A

at the optic chasm
- Retinal axons from the nasal side of the retina cross in the optic chiasm
- The retinal axons continue in the optic tract

46
Q

central visual pathway vs peripheral

A
  • The center of the visual field goes to both eyes, the binocular zone
  • The periphery of the visual field goes to only 1 eye, the monocular zone
47
Q

binocular zone

A

the portion where both eyes see part of the visual field ⇒ nasal
- axons from these sides cross in the optic chiasm

48
Q

monocular zone

A

where the lateral portions of the eye only see one part of the visual field (non nasal side) ⇒ temporal

49
Q

primary visual pathway

A

axons in the optic tract synapse onto neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus
- The neurons of the LGN will send their axon through the optic radiations to V1
- tract → LGN (thalamus) → optic radiations to primary visual cortex

50
Q

V1

A

primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe and is on either side of the calcarine sulcus

51
Q

what splits the visual pathways into upper and lower in the occipital lobe?

A

the calcarine sulcus

52
Q

where do the right and left visual hemifields project to?

A

the right hemifield projects to the left side of the brain and the left hemifield projects to the right side of the brain

53
Q

where do retinal axons synapse in the centers of the brain? (4)

A
  1. suprachiasmatic nucleus
  2. lateral geniculate nucleus
  3. pretectal nucleus
  4. superior colliculus
    → different ganglion cell axons go to different targets ⇒ no axon goes to all these visual centers
54
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

in the hypothalamus for regulation of circadian rhythms (diencephalon)

55
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

in the thalamus for relay to visual cortex for conscious perception of vision
- Primary pathway

56
Q

pretectal nucleus

A

in the midbrain for the pupillary light reflex and other reflexes ⇒ in front of SC

57
Q

superior colliculus location and role

A

in the midbrain for oculomotor control

58
Q

how many cell layers are in the lateral geniculate nucleus and which two types of cells are found there?

A

6 layers total
- M type ganglion in layers 1,2
- P type cells in layers 3-6

59
Q

Magno cellular layers

A

the 2 M type ganglion cell layers in the LGN

60
Q

Parvo cellular layers

A

the 4 P type ganglion cell layers in the LGN

61
Q

how is retinotopic organization of cells done in the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

they alternate between contralateral nasal hemiretina and ipsilateral temporal hemiretina
C: 1,4,6
I: 2,3,5

62
Q

which 2 routes do neurons of the LGN send their axons to V1?

A
  1. temporal lobe: inferior retina (superior visual field) via meyers loop
    - inferior to calcarine fissure
  2. Parietal lobe: superior retina (inferior visual field)
    - superior to calcarine fissure
63
Q

columns purpose and location

A

the functional units of cortex => many are in the primary visual field

64
Q

3 types of primary visual cortex columns?

A
  1. Orientation columns: the angle a shape is presented
  2. Ocular dominance columns: input from the one eye vs the other eye
  3. Color columns (blobs): detect color
65
Q

how do orientation columns work?

A

depending on which line orientation you are looking at, certain columns will have neuronal activity

66
Q

how do the ocular dominance columns work?

A

segregated into alternating stripes for each output of the eye and are cross correlated with the orientation columns which determine which type of line stimulus they respond to

67
Q

which neocortex layer are the ocular dominance column?

A

layer 4 (IV)

68
Q

how does visual experience influence cortex development?

A
  • the axons carrying information from the two eyes overlap in layer IV ⇒ before the eyes are opened, ocular dominance is not set up yet
  • as development progresses, visual function is required for segregation of the inputs to layer IV ⇒ the axons will project to the appropriate area of layer 4 and retract from inappropriate regions
69
Q

strabismus (amblyopia)

A

both eyes do not line up in the same direction and results in all layers being monocular
- may not have vision in one eye if not corrected during development

70
Q

where do neurons the primary and secondary visual cortex send their axons to?

A

primary send axons to secondary (V2; area 18) and secondary send axons to tertiary (area 19)

71
Q

2 streams for axons from the primary visual cortex to the association cortex?

A
  1. Dorsal stream: motion, location
  2. Ventral stream: form, color
    –> comes from the retina and then the LGN
72
Q

dorsal stream visual pathway

A

into parietal lobe carrying information for motion and location analysis (M pathway)

73
Q

ventral stream visual pathway

A

into temporal lobe carrying information for color and object recognition (P pathway)

74
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

(pretectal nucleus) projects to other nuclei in the hypothalamus which in turn project to numerous centers that regulate circadian rhythms and sleep
- project to stellate ganglion

75
Q

superior colliculus

A

(visual pathway) projects to the motor nuclei that control the extraocular muscles and neck muscles
- important for saccade eye movements

76
Q

saccade

A

rapid, conjugate, eye movements that shift the center of gaze from one part of the visual field to another
- used for orientating gaze and makes you turn your head and neck (also recognition)

77
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

(pretectal nuclei vision pathway) controls the parasympathetic system component of the oculomotor nerve ⇒ The pupils should constrict together

78
Q

how does light in your eye work with the pupillary light reflex?

A

light –> retinal ganglion project to pretectal area –> project to EdingerWestphal nucleus (parasympathetic component of oculomotor nucleus) on both sides –> axons in the oculomotor nerves synapse cells of ciliary ganglion –> synapse on ciliary muscles causing pupil constriction

79
Q

which eye muscles do CN 3 control?

A
  • superior rectus => eye up
  • medial rectus => inward side to side
  • inferior oblique => inward and up
  • inferior rectus => outward and down
80
Q

which eye muscle does CN 4 control?

A

superior oblique => inward and down rotation

81
Q

which eye muscle does CN 6 control?

A

lateral rectus => outward side to side

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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