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Bio 540 - Biochem > Exam 3 - Glycolysis > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Glycolysis Flashcards

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1
Q

General Metabolic Pathways and Glucose:

  1. Glucose –> Glycogen =
  2. Glycogen –> Glucose =
  3. Glucose –> Lactate/Pyruvate =
  4. Pyruvate/Lactate —> Glucose =
A
  1. Glycogenesis
  2. Glycogenolysis
  3. Glycolysis
  4. GLyconeogenesis
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2
Q

What is the generic molecular formula for carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

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3
Q

What does the D or L designation on enantiomers depend on?

A

Their resemblence to Glyceraldehyde

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4
Q

Diastereomers, also called [], are different with respect to OH at only [] stereogenic position…

A
  1. epimers
  2. one
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5
Q
  1. Isomers that differ only in the order in which the atoms are connected are called - ??
  2. What are common sugar examples of this?
A
  1. Constitutional Isomers
  2. Aldose vs Ketose
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6
Q

Enatiomers are….

A

optical isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images

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7
Q

How are diastereomers and epimers different?

A
  • Epimers are a type of diastereomer but their configuration is different at only ONE stereogenic center
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8
Q

What is a special type of epimer used to describe cyclic saccharides?

What are their designations?

A
  • Anomer
  • Alpha and Beta
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9
Q

What conformation do physiological sugars come in? D or L?

A

D

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10
Q

What are the main examples for Aldose sugars…

Also - how many carbons does each have?

A
  1. Glyceraldehyde - 3 Carbons
  2. Erythrose - 4 Cs
  3. Ribose - 5 C
  4. Glucose and Galactose - 6 Cs
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11
Q

What are the main examples of Ketose sugars…

Also - how many carbons does each have?

A
  1. Ribulose and Xylulose - 5 Cs
  2. Fructose - 6 Cs
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12
Q

When a ring structure is formed, the carbonyl carbon becomes []?

This carbon is called the [] carbon

A
  1. asymmetrical
  2. Anomeric
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13
Q

How do you classify the anomeric carbon as alpha or beta on a cyclic sugar?

A
  • Look at the hydoxyl on the 6th carbon.
  • If it is CIS from the OH attached to the anomeric carbon —- then it is a BETA anomer
  • If it is TRANS from teh OH attached to the anomeric carbon —- then it is an ALPHA anomer
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14
Q

The Pyran structure refers to a [] carbon ring

The furan structure refers to a [] carbon ring

A
  • 6 carbon
  • 5 carbon
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15
Q

What monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

Fructose and glucose

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16
Q

What monosaccharides make up Lactose?

A

Glucose and Galactose

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17
Q

What monosaccharides make up Maltose?

A

Glucose and glucose

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18
Q

What are the 3 main disaccharides?

A

Sucrose

Lactose

Maltose

19
Q

What is another name for the Glycolytic pathway?

A

Embden-Meyehof

20
Q

Is glycolysis an oxidative pathway?

A

Yes

21
Q

What Glut transport does brain tissue use?

What is the metabolic fate of glucose in brain tissue?

A
  • Glut III
  • Glucose –> Pyruvate –> TCA
22
Q

What Glut transporter do RBCs use?

What is the metabolic fate of glucose in RBCs?

A
  • Glut I
  • Glucose –> Pyruvate –> Lactate –> which is then exported with H+
23
Q

What type of Glut transporter do muscle cells use?

What is the metabolic fate of glucose in muscle cells?

A
  • Glut IV
  • Glucose
    • Can be stored as glycogen
    • Can be used to make pyruvate and sent through TCA cycle
  • Pyruvate can be used to make lactate if no Oxygen…
    • lactate would then be exported
24
Q

What is the Glut transporter in Adipose Cells?

What is the metabolic fate of glucose in adipose tissue?

A
  • Glut IV
  • Glucose
    • Could be used to make glycogen
    • Used to make pyruvate
  • Pyruvate then is used to make Acetyl CoA –> fats.
25
Q

What Glut transporter do Liver Cells use?

Lactate is [] to make pyruvate in the liver cells…

A
  • Glut II
  • imported
26
Q
  1. What enzyme start glycolysis by converting glucose –> glucose 6-phosphate?
  2. Are any other substrates needed?
A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. ATP is used and ADP is byproduct
27
Q
  1. What enzyme converts glucose 6-phosphate –> Fuctose 6-phosphate?
  2. Are any other substrates needed?
A
  1. Phosphoglucose Isomerase
  2. No
28
Q
  1. What enzyme converts Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?
  2. Are any other substrates needed?
A
  1. 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase
  2. Phosphate is cleaved from ATP
29
Q
  1. What enzyme converts Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and DHAP?
  2. Are any other substrates needed?
A
  1. Fructose bisphosphate aldolase
  2. No
30
Q
  1. What enzyme converts DHAP to GAP?
  2. Are any other substrates required?
A
  1. Triose phosphate isomerase
  2. No
31
Q
  1. What enzyme converts GAP to 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate
  2. Are any other substrates needed?
A
  1. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  2. Reduces NAD+ to NADH
    1. Adds a phosphate to the molecule
32
Q

What is the most important bioenergetic step of Glycolysis?

Why?

A
  • GAP –> 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
  • It uses the coupled rxn of….
    • Aldehyde –> Carboxylic Acid
    • NAD+ –> NADH
  • Adds a high energy phosphate, creating a mixed anhydride, to the molecule for later use.
33
Q
  1. What enzyme converts 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate?
  2. Are any other substrates involved?
A
  1. Phosphoglycerate Kinase
  2. ATP is produced from ADP
34
Q
  1. What enzyme converts 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate?
  2. Any other substrates involved?
A
  1. Phosphoglycerate mutase
  2. No
35
Q
  1. What enzyme converts 2-phosphoglycerate to Phosphoenolpyruvate?
  2. Any other substrates involved?
A
  1. Enolase
  2. Condensation reaction –> H2O is released
36
Q
  1. What enzyme converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate?
  2. Any other substrates involved?
A
  1. Pyruvate kinase
  2. ATP is created from ADP
37
Q

What are the 3 irreversible steps of the glycolytic pathway?

What enzyme is involved in each step?

A
  1. Glucose –> Glucose 6-phosphate
    1. Hexokinase
  2. Fructose 6-phosphate –> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
    1. 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase
  3. Phosphoenolpyruvate –> Pyruvate
    1. Pyruvate Kinase
38
Q

What is the 2nd most important bioenergetic step in Glycolysis?

Why?

A
  1. 2-phosphoglycerate –> Phosphoenolpyruvate
  2. Enolase destabilizes the phosphoester of 2-phosphoglycerate creating an enol phosphate
    1. The phosphoester is worth -3 kcal/mol while the enol phosphate is worth -15 kcal/mol
    2. This sets up the final step of glycolysis to be very energetically favorably and “almost” impossible to reverse.
39
Q

What molecule is needed in all cells to phosphorylate phosphoglycerate mutase - making it active and enabling it to convert 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate?

Where is this molecule made?

A
  • 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
  • Red Blood cells
40
Q

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate can also be used to make [] by the enzyme []?

This molecule functions in controlling the binding of [] to hemoglobin…

A
  1. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate by 2,3-BPG Mutase
  2. Oxygen (O2)
41
Q

What are the roles of the bifunctional enzyme 2,3-BPG mutase/phosphatase

A
  1. Making 2,3-BPG from 1,3-BPG
  2. Removing the Phosphate from 2,3-BPG creating 3-phosphoglycerate
    1. In RBCs, this allows O2 to bind to hemoglobin
42
Q

What enzyme oxidizes NADH in the malate-aspartate shuttle system - yielding NAD+ for Glycolysis?

A

Malate Dehydrogenase

OAA <—> Mal

43
Q

What enzyme catalyzes OAA <—> Asp for the malate -aspartate shuttle system?

A
  • Aspartate Amino-transferase

or

  • Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase
44
Q

What are two shuttles systems that provide Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase with adequate NAD+ to continue wiht Glycolysis?

A
  • Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle
  • Malate-Aspartate shuttle

Bio 540 - Biochem (14 decks)

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