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Bio 540 - Biochem > Exam 3 ETC > Flashcards

Exam 3 ETC Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name of complex 1 in the ETC?

How many H+ are sent into intermembrane space for each electron dropped off by NADH?

A
  • NADH: Ubiquinone oxidoreductase
  • 2 hydrogens for each electron
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2
Q

How many electrons does Complex I carry at a time?

Why is complex I NOT a pump?

A
  • 1
  • Psyche - its a pump
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3
Q
  1. What is the name of Complex II?
  2. Is this a pump or shuttle?
  3. How many H+ are pumped for each electron deposited?
A
  1. Succinate: Ubiquinone oxidoreductase
  2. Shuttle - NOT A PUMP
  3. None - since this shuttel is powered by FADH2, there is not enough energy to pump hydrogens into the intermembrane space
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4
Q

What 4 “objects” reduce ubiquinone around Complex II?

A
  1. Succinate: Ubiquinone oxidoreductase
  2. Succinate
  3. Glycerol-3-phosphate - shuttle system
  4. Fatty Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
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5
Q

What molecule that sounds very similar to a glycolysis intermediate shuttles electrons to the mitochondria?

A

Glycerol 3-phosphate

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6
Q

What is the name of Complex III in the ETC?

A

Ubiquinol: Cytochrome C Oxidoreductase

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7
Q

How many redox centers are in Complex III?

A

3!!

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8
Q

What are the 3 redox centers in Complex III

A

Cytochrome C

Cytochrome B

ISP - Iron Sulfur Proteins

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9
Q

How many electrons are used by Complex III at a time and how many H+ are pumped through at once?

A
  • 1 electron is used
  • 2 H+ are pumped
  • 2 H+: 1 electron
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10
Q

Is Ubiquinol:Cyctochrome C oxidoreductase a pump?

A

No

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11
Q

How many ubiquinols are consumed at Complex III, NET?

A
  • 1 is consumed
  • 2 originally come to complex III to drop of electrons, but 1 is REMADE
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12
Q

What is the name of Complex IV?

Is this complex a shuttle or pump?

A

Cyctochrome C Oxidase

Pump

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13
Q

How many electrons does Cyc C deliver to Complex IV at a time?

A

1 electron

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14
Q

When Cytochrome C delivers its electrons to Complex IV, how many protons are pumped to the intermembrane space?

A

1 electron : 1 H+

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15
Q
  • If 1 NADH starts at Complex I…how many protons will be pumped into the intermembrane space once NADH’s electrons reach Complex IV?
  • What is the breakdown per Complex?
    • Com I
    • Com III
    • Com IV
A
  • 10 H+ in total
  • Complexes
    • I - 4 H+
    • III - 4 H+
    • IV - 2 H+
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16
Q

In mammalian cells, only [] % of the energy results from proton concentration difference, while [] % is from charge difference

A
  1. 20%
  2. 80%
17
Q

High levels of ADP will stimulate [] production

A

ATP

18
Q

How many H+ will be needed for the synthesis of one ATP?

A

4

19
Q

Gradient energy of a single H+ is [] kcal/mol?

Synthesis of ATP requires []-[] kcal/mol

A

4.7

9-12

20
Q

How many ATP are formed from the following high energy molecules?

NADH (10 H+)

FADH2 (6 H+)

A
  • NADH - 2.5
  • FADH2 - 1.5
21
Q

How many turns does an ATP Synthase turn per H+ and how many total turns to make how many ATP?

A
  1. 1/12 turn per H+ introduced to enzyme
  2. 1, 360 degree turn equals 3 ATPs
22
Q

What did Peter Mitchell discover?

A

The kimeosmotic coupling

23
Q

What did Paul Boyer discover?

A
  • The binding change mechanism of the ATP Synthase
    • changing of the Alpha/Beta subunits without energy expenditure
24
Q

Which subunits on the ATP synthase bind ADP and “create” the ATP?

A

Beta

25
Q

What subunit on ATP Synthase control the speed of rotation?

A

Sigma, E

26
Q

Which subunit on the ATP Synthase interacts with the Alpha/Beta subunits and coordinates their conformational change?

A

Gamma, Y

27
Q

In what conformation is ATP produced, within the ATP Synthase

A

When the Beta subunit is in the TIGHT conformation.

28
Q

What conformation, of the ATP Synthase, has a high affinity for ADP+ Pi?

A

Loose

29
Q

List examples for the following mitochondrial transporter…ie what is tranported?

Monocarboxylate (requires []+?)

Dicarboxylate (Depletes []+?)

Tricarboxylate

A
  1. Pyruvate In……OH- out ——-requires H+
  2. Phosphate In…..Malate out———-depletes H+
  3. Malate In……Citrate out
30
Q

What does the Phosphate transporter do and why is it important?

A
  • Transports phosphates and H+ into the mitochondria for use by ATP Synthase
31
Q

ADP is brought into the mitochondria and ATP is moved out by what transporter?

A

Adenine nucleotide translocase

32
Q

What do the following transporters transport in/out of the mitochondria?

Aspartate-glutamate Trans

Malate - Alpha Ketoglutarate Trans

A
  1. Glutamate In……Aspartate Out
  2. Malate In…….Alpha-ketoglutarate Out

Used to move around Carbons and Nitrogens.

33
Q

Adenine Nucleotide Translocase

  1. Transport of ATP to cytosol and ADP to lumen is favored based on []?
  2. [] transport facilitate by a carrier protein
A
  1. charge
  2. Active transport
34
Q

What are the three substrate shuttles we learned?

A
  1. Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle
  2. Malate Aspartate Shuttle
  3. Acetly CoA transport
35
Q

What are the 3 defense systems against reactive oxygen species that we learned?

A
  1. Superoxide dismutase/catalase
  2. Glutathione peroxidase/glutathione reductase
  3. Dietary antioxidants
36
Q

What are 2 examples of dietary antioxidants?

A
  • Vitamin E
  • Vitamin C
37
Q

During the reduction of Oxygen to water - what are the 3 possible reactive oxygen species that could be created?

A
  1. Superoxide
    1. O2-
  2. Hydrogen Peroxide
    1. H2O2
  3. Hydroxy Radical
    1. OH•
38
Q

What complex from the ETC generates the most reactive O2?

A

Complex 1

39
Q
A

Bio 540 - Biochem (14 decks)

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