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Bio 540 - Biochem > Exam 3/4 - Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Exam 3/4 - Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Pyruvate –> Phosphoenolpyruvate

  • [] step reaction
  • Conversion of OAA to PEP can occur in the [] or in the cytosol
A
  1. 2 step
  2. mitochondria
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2
Q

What are the 2 steps in Pyruvate –> Phosphoenol pyruvate?

A
  1. Pyruvate –> Oxaloacetate
    1. done by pyruvate carboxylase
    2. Uses ATP and Carbonic Acid
  2. Oxaloacetate –> PEP
    1. done by PEPCK (phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy kinase
    2. Use GTP and produces CO2 and GDP as by-products
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3
Q

In the reaction of Pyruvate –> OAA, carbonic acid is needed. What enzyme makes the carbonic acid?

What substrates are needed?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

CO2 and H2O

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4
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the gluconeogenesis reaction of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate –> Fructose 6-phosphate?

What “type” of reaction of this and what by-product is produced?

A

Fructose bisphosphatase

Hydrolysis, and removal of inorganic phosphate

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5
Q
  1. What enzyme catalyzes the gluconeogenesis reaction of Glucose 6-phosphate –> Glucose?
  2. What “type” of reaction of this and what by-product is produced?
A
  1. Glucose 6-phosphatase
  2. Hydrolysis
    1. removal of inorganic phosphate
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6
Q

Where is Glucose 6-phosphatase found in the cell?

A
  • It is bound to the inside of the ER, the lumen.
  • So Glu 6-P has to be transported into the ER before it can by hydrolyzed into Glucose
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7
Q

How many ATP are spent to make glucose from lactate?

A

6 total

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8
Q

How many ATP are spent to make glucose from “alanine?”

A

10 ATP

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9
Q

When lactate dehydrogenase is reversed to produce pyruvate - [] is formed for use in Gluconeogenesis

A

NADH

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10
Q

All amino acids except [] and [] can supply carbon chains to gluconeogenesis…what is their “classification?”

A
  • Leucine and Lysine
  • Ketogenic
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11
Q

What amino acids are both Ketogenic and Glucogenic?

A
  • Threonine
  • Isoleucine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Tyrosine
  • Tryptophan
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12
Q

In the mitochondria - glutamate is deaminated to make alpha-ketoglutarate by what enzyme?

What is the by-product of this reaction?

A

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Ammonia, NH4

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13
Q

Pyruvate is converted to OAA by what enzyme?

Is there any ATP expenditure?

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase

1 ATP is consumed for each reaction - but to make a full glucose moleucle you’d have to do the reaction twice

SO, 2 ATP total will be used up

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14
Q

Once alanine has entered the mitochondria as Pyruvate, it will then be converted to OAA…what are the 2 options for the next step for OAA?

A
  1. It can be converted to Malate
  2. It can be converted to Aspartate
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15
Q

In mitochondria -

  1. Ornithine + Carbamoyl Phosphate ==> ??
  2. What enzyme does this?
  3. How many ADP are consumed?
A
  1. Adds Nitrogen onto citrulline
  2. Ornithine Transcarbamoylase
  3. No ADP are consumed!! - 2 ATP are consumed.
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16
Q

In the Alanine Metabolism -

How is Malate reformed outside of the mitochondria?

A
  • Fumarate is formed through Citrullines usage
  • We know fumarate –> Malate from the TCA cycle
17
Q

In alanine metabolism -

  1. Argininosuccinate –> [] + Arginine?
  2. What enzyme catalyzes this?
A
  1. Fumarate
  2. Argininosuccinase
18
Q

In alanine metabolism -

  1. Citrulline + Aspartate –>?
  2. What enzyme catalyzes this?
  3. What is the ATP expenditure?
A
  1. Argininosuccinate
  2. Arginiosuccinate synthetase
  3. 2 ATP consumed
19
Q

In alanine metabolism -

  1. Arginine –> [] + Urea?
  2. What enzyme catalyzes this?
A
  1. Ornithine
  2. Arginase
20
Q

What is the pathway to Glucose from Odd chain Fatty Acids like Propionyl CoA?

A
  • Prop CoA –> D-methylmol CoA
    • Proprional CoA Carboxylase
  • D-methylmol CoA –> L-methylmol CoA
    • Epimerase
  • L-Methylmol CoA –> Succinyl CoA
    • Mutase
  • We know Succinyl CoA can go to OAA and OAA to glucose via PEPCK through gluconeogenesis
21
Q

What cell allows plants to continue with the krebs cycle in the mitochondria by creating different intermediates like - malate?

A

Glyoxysome

22
Q

What 2 enzymes are crucial for glyoxylate pathway and not found in humans (at least to our knowledge)?

A
  • Isocitrate lyase
  • Malate synthase
23
Q

When creating glucose from fats - what would be the first step?

A
  1. Hydrolysis of acyl groups from triacylglycerol (TAG) yielding glycerol
24
Q

What are the steps to form glucose from Glycerol?

What enzyme is used at each step?

A
  1. Glycerol –> Glycerol 3-phosphate
    1. Glycerol Kinase (Consumes 1 ATP)
  2. Glycerol 3-Phosphate —> DHAP
    1. Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (consumes 1 NAD+)
  3. From here it can go to 2 end products
    1. 1/2 glucose molecule through normal gluconeogenesis
    2. It can go to lactate
25
Q

What is the first enzyme in Fructose’s pathway to becoming glucose?

What does it do?

A

Fuctokinase

Adds a Phophate on, consumes 1 ATP

26
Q

What are the steps for Fructose –> Glucose?

What enzyme catalyzes each step?

A
  • Fructose —> Fructose 1-phosphate
    • Fuctokinase (consumes 1 ATP)
  • Fructose 1-phosphate —> Glyceraldhyde or DHAP
    • Aldolase B
  • Glyceraldehyde –> Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
    • Triose Kinase (consumes 1 ATP)
  • DHAP —> can go right to Glucose
  • Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate –> Lactate
27
Q

Hydolysis of [] generates galactose?

A

Lactose

28
Q

What enzyme catalyzes Galactose –> Galactose 1-Phosphate?

A

Galacto Kinase

29
Q

What enzymes catalyzes the isomerization of galactose 1-phosphate –> glucose 6-phosphate?

What does this enzyme need before it can catalyze this reaction?

A
  1. Phosphoglucose mutase
    1. Specifically - Glucose -1,6-bisphosphosynthase
  2. It needs phosphorylation to activate first.
30
Q

What is the ATP surplus in the Kori Cycle?

A
  • Psyche!
  • There is an ATP deficiet in the Kori cycle
    • 4 ATP
31
Q

How does the liver overcome the ATP deficeit it creates by balancing gluconeogenesis with the rest of the bodies usage of glycolysis?

A
  • It uses fat for energy!
  • Fatty Acid oxidation - generates an acetyl CoA for every 2 carbons of a fatty acid
32
Q

What 3 steps are regulated in gluconeogenesis?

A
  1. Glucose 6-Phosphate —> Glucose
  2. Fuctose 1,6-bisphosphate —> Fructose 6-phosphate
  3. Pyruvate —> Phosphoenolpyruvate
33
Q

What are the different regulators of Pyruvate —> Phosphoenolpyruvate?

A
  • Acetly CoA
    • (+) effector of Pyruvate —> Oxaloacetate
    • B-Oxidate promotes gluconeogenesis
34
Q

What are the effectors on Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate —> Fructose 6-phosphate?

A
  • (-) AMP
  • (-) Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
  • These are opposite glycolysis effector signs
35
Q

Glucagon regulation occurs by the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) that targets [] transcription of gluconeogeneic related proteins

A

Increases

36
Q

Insulin regulation occurs by the insulin-responsive element binding protein (IREB) that [] expression of gluconeogenic proteins

A

repreresses

37
Q

What transcriptional element increase/decreases gluconeogenic protein transcription in response to insulin or glucagon?

A
  • CREB (cAMP-responsive element binding protein)
    • Increases gluconeo in response to glucagon
  • IREB (insulin-responsive element binding protein)
    • decreases gluconeo in response to insulin

Bio 540 - Biochem (14 decks)

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