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Genetics > Exam 3 COPY > Flashcards

Exam 3 COPY Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genes

A

are nucleotide sequences that encode functional RNAs

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2
Q

genes are carried on

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

gene products (RNAs and proteins) influence

A

phenotypic traits by regulating biochemical processes

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4
Q

nucleotide sequence

A

what determines the function of the genes

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5
Q

allele

A

an ______ is one of the possible alternative forms of a gene

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6
Q

alleles

A

many different ________ can exist for a single gene

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7
Q

same allele

A

if two copies of a gene have identical DNA sequences, they are considered the _____ ______ of that gene

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8
Q

different alleles

A

if two copies of a gene have one or more differences in their DNA sequences, they are considered ______ ______ of that gene

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9
Q

locus

A

what is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome called

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10
Q

same

A

different alleles of the same gene will be found at the _____ locus

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11
Q

mutation

A

_______ is any heritable change in DNA sequence

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12
Q

mutation

A

any change in genomic sequence is considered a _______, whether or not it occurs in a gene

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13
Q

mutations can be caused by:

A

-copying errors during replication -environmental mutagenesis (radiation or chemical) -chromosomal rearrangement

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14
Q

one

A

in haploid organisms like bacteria, each individual carries ____ copy of each gene

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15
Q

single

A

haploids can only carried a _____ allele

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16
Q

two

A

in diploid organisms like humans, each individual carries _____ copies of each gene

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17
Q

homozygous

A

both copies of the gene are identical in DNA sequence in this individual

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18
Q

heterozygous

A

the two copies of the gene have one or more differences in the DNA sequence in this individual

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19
Q

A) you and your neighbor carry different genes and different alleles B) you and your neighbor carry the same genes, but you may have different alleles C) you and your neighbor carry the same genes and the same alleles D) you and your neighbor carry different genes but same alleles

A

consider the person sitting next to you. which of the following is true regarding your genes and alleles?

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20
Q

wild type

A

for any given gene, the allele which occurs most frequently in a population is designated as

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21
Q

red eyes

A

what is the wild type eye color for Drosophila

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22
Q

white eyes

A

what is the mutant eye color for Drosophila

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23
Q

loss of function mutation

A

any mutation which causes a decrease in the normal expression or activity of a gene or its gene products is a

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24
Q

gain of function mutation

A

any mutation which causes an increase in the normal expression or activity of a gene or its gene products or confers a new expression pattern or activity is a

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25
Q

common

A

loss of function mutations are much more ________ than gain of function mutations

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26
Q

the dominant allele

A

heterozygotes carry two different alleles. those two alleles may specify different phenotypes. which phenotype will the heterozygote display?

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27
Q

dominant

A

the allele whose phenotype is visible is the ______ allele

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28
Q

recessive

A

the allele whose phenotype is not visible in the ______ allele

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29
Q

gene dosage

A

the more copies of a gene there are the more the gene product will be produced when that gene is expressed, this is called?

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30
Q

haplosufficient

A

in diploids, many genes only require a single copy for a wild-type level of function. These genes are ________

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31
Q

haplosufficient

A

if one-half the normal amount of gene product is sufficient for normal function the gene is _____

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32
Q

wild type

A

if a gene is haplosufficient, individuals carrying one functional allele and one non-functional allele will display a _______ phenotype

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33
Q

haploinsufficient

A

if one-half the normal amount of gene product is not sufficient for normal function, the gene is _____

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34
Q

dominant

A

for halpoinsufficient genes, loss of function alleles are often ______ to wild type alleles

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35
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

caused by a loss of function mutation in the FBN1 gene, which encodes the fibrillar-1 protein

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36
Q

gain of function

A

the yellow mouse carries a ___________________ allele of the agouti gene, which causes an increase in agouti expression and over production of yellow pigment in the mouse’s fur

37
Q

amorphasic or null allele

A

complete loss of function

38
Q

hypomorphic

A

partial loss of function

39
Q

haploid

A

_______ number has very little correlation with number of genes, organism size or complexity

40
Q

a. species with more chromosomes have more genes b. species with more chromosomes have larger body size c. species with more chromosomes have greater complexity d. all the above e. none of the above

A

what does the number of chromosomes (haploid number) tell us about a species?

41
Q

ape

A

human chromosome 2 is the result of a fusion between two ancestral ____ chromosomes

42
Q

eukaryotes

A

In _________, transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next involves mitosis and meiosis

43
Q

mitosis

A

leads to production of two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

44
Q

meiosis

A

leads to production of gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes

45
Q

interphase

A

the non-division phase of the cell cycle

46
Q

quiescent

A

a _________ cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide, but may later re-enter the cell cycle

47
Q

chromatin

A

during most of the cell cycle, DNA exists in an unfolded state known as ________

48
Q

sister chromatids

A

since mitosis occurs after DNA replication, each mitotic chromosome contains two identical DNA molecules. these are __________

49
Q

centromere

A

__________ is the point of connection between sister chromatids, and where spindle fibers will attach to the chromosome during mitosis

50
Q

d. 46, 92

A

a human cell (2n=46) just prior to mitosis contains _____ chromosomes and _____ chromatids

51
Q

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

A

stages of mitosis

52
Q
  • chromosomes condense, sister chromatids are already attached at the centromere * the nuclear envelope breaks down * centrioles migrate to opposite poles
A

what happens in prophase

53
Q
  • spindle fibers form *chromosomes align
A

what happens in metaphase

54
Q
  • centromeres split, and sister chromatids separate (disjunction) *sister chromatids are now daughter chromosomes *daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles
A

what happens in Anaphase

55
Q

*daughter chromosomes arrive at opposite poles *cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) occurs *chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelope re-forms

A

what happens in telophase

56
Q

prophase or metaphase (chromosomes are replicated and condensed, but sister chromatids have not yet separated)

A

what stage(s) of the cell cycle could these chromosomes have come from?

57
Q

four

A

meiosis produces _____ gametes or spores with one haploid set of chromosomes each

58
Q

meiosis

A

_______ reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid in germ cells and spores

59
Q

Fertilization

A

________ (fusion of two haploid gametes) restores the diploid number of chromosomes in the next generation

60
Q

synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes pair to form tetrads (four chromatids per tetrad) in a process called _______

61
Q

chiasmata

A

site of crossing over between non-sister chromatids. allowing reciprocal exchange of DNA

62
Q

prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2

A

phases of meiosis

63
Q

dominant, recessive

A

In Mendel’s pea plants, the violet allele is ________ and the white allele is _______

64
Q

50%

A

in a standard monohybrid cross, what is the probability that an F2 individual will be heterozygous?

65
Q

2/3

A

in a standard monohybrid cross, what is the probability that an F2 individual displaying the dominant phenotype is a heterozygote?

66
Q

testcross

A

a _______ is a method to determine whether an individual displaying the dominant phenotype has a heterozygous or homozygous dominant genotype

67
Q

100% gray

A

in fruit flies, which are diploid, body color is controlled by alternative alleles of a single gene. the allele producing the wild type gray body color exhibits complete dominance over a mutant allele producing a yellow body. what phenotype(s) would you expect in the F1 progeny from a cross between a true-breeding gray strain and a true-breeding yellow strain?

68
Q

120

A

in fruit flies, purple eye color is inherited as a recessive Mendelian trait. You have set up a cross between males and females that are both carriers if the purple allele, and collect 480 of their offspring. How many of these do you expect to show the purple eye phenotype?

69
Q

75%

A

brown coat color in Labrador retrievers is a recessive Mendelian trait (black color is dominant). If two black labs are mated and produce a brown puppy, what is the probably the the next puppy they produce will have a black coat?

70
Q

4/9

A

what is the probability that an F2 plant with round yellow seeds has the genotype GgWw?

71
Q

Aa x Aa

A

monohybrid self cross

72
Q

Aa x aa

A

monohybrid testcross

73
Q

AaBb xAaBb

A

dihybrid self cross

74
Q

AaBb x aabb

A

dihybrid testcross

75
Q

8

A

how many different gamete types can a trihybrid (AaBbCc) individual produce

76
Q

2

A

how many different gamete types can a monohybrid make

77
Q

4

A

how many different gamete types can a dihybrid make

78
Q

3/4

A

from a trihybrid self cross what proportion of the progeny will display the dominant A phenotype

79
Q

27/64

A

from a trihybrid self cross what proportion of the progeny will display dominant phenotypes for all three traits

80
Q

1/32

A

from a trihybrid self cross what proportion of the progeny will have the genotype AABbcc?

81
Q

d. males and females produce gametes of different size

A

what is the fundamental difference between males and females

82
Q

isogamy

A

gametes are morphologically indistinguishable, but are often divided into mating types (a and alpha in yeast,

83
Q

anisogamy

A

gametes are morphologically distinct (usually different in size); the individual that produces larger gametes is female and the smaller gametes come from the male

84
Q

sex chromosomes

A

a chromosome that exhibits sex-specific differences in individuals of the same species

85
Q

autosomes

A

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

86
Q

homogametic sex

A

the sex with identical types of sex chromosomes; the human female

87
Q

heterogametic sex

A

The sex with two different sex chromosomes; a human male

88
Q

sex-linked

A

genes found on the sex chromosome are called?

89
Q

hemizygous

A

when only one copy of a gene is present in an individual

Genetics (17 decks)

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