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Exam 3 COPY Flashcards

1
Q

genes

A

are nucleotide sequences that encode functional RNAs

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2
Q

genes are carried on

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

gene products (RNAs and proteins) influence

A

phenotypic traits by regulating biochemical processes

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4
Q

nucleotide sequence

A

what determines the function of the genes

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5
Q

allele

A

an ______ is one of the possible alternative forms of a gene

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6
Q

alleles

A

many different ________ can exist for a single gene

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7
Q

same allele

A

if two copies of a gene have identical DNA sequences, they are considered the _____ ______ of that gene

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8
Q

different alleles

A

if two copies of a gene have one or more differences in their DNA sequences, they are considered ______ ______ of that gene

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9
Q

locus

A

what is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome called

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10
Q

same

A

different alleles of the same gene will be found at the _____ locus

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11
Q

mutation

A

_______ is any heritable change in DNA sequence

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12
Q

mutation

A

any change in genomic sequence is considered a _______, whether or not it occurs in a gene

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13
Q

mutations can be caused by:

A

-copying errors during replication -environmental mutagenesis (radiation or chemical) -chromosomal rearrangement

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14
Q

one

A

in haploid organisms like bacteria, each individual carries ____ copy of each gene

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15
Q

single

A

haploids can only carried a _____ allele

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16
Q

two

A

in diploid organisms like humans, each individual carries _____ copies of each gene

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17
Q

homozygous

A

both copies of the gene are identical in DNA sequence in this individual

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18
Q

heterozygous

A

the two copies of the gene have one or more differences in the DNA sequence in this individual

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19
Q

A) you and your neighbor carry different genes and different alleles B) you and your neighbor carry the same genes, but you may have different alleles C) you and your neighbor carry the same genes and the same alleles D) you and your neighbor carry different genes but same alleles

A

consider the person sitting next to you. which of the following is true regarding your genes and alleles?

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20
Q

wild type

A

for any given gene, the allele which occurs most frequently in a population is designated as

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21
Q

red eyes

A

what is the wild type eye color for Drosophila

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22
Q

white eyes

A

what is the mutant eye color for Drosophila

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23
Q

loss of function mutation

A

any mutation which causes a decrease in the normal expression or activity of a gene or its gene products is a

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24
Q

gain of function mutation

A

any mutation which causes an increase in the normal expression or activity of a gene or its gene products or confers a new expression pattern or activity is a

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25
common
loss of function mutations are much more ________ than gain of function mutations
26
the dominant allele
heterozygotes carry two different alleles. those two alleles may specify different phenotypes. which phenotype will the heterozygote display?
27
dominant
the allele whose phenotype is visible is the ______ allele
28
recessive
the allele whose phenotype is not visible in the ______ allele
29
gene dosage
the more copies of a gene there are the more the gene product will be produced when that gene is expressed, this is called?
30
haplosufficient
in diploids, many genes only require a single copy for a wild-type level of function. These genes are ________
31
haplosufficient
if one-half the normal amount of gene product is sufficient for normal function the gene is _____
32
wild type
if a gene is haplosufficient, individuals carrying one functional allele and one non-functional allele will display a _______ phenotype
33
haploinsufficient
if one-half the normal amount of gene product is not sufficient for normal function, the gene is _____
34
dominant
for halpoinsufficient genes, loss of function alleles are often ______ to wild type alleles
35
Marfan Syndrome
caused by a loss of function mutation in the FBN1 gene, which encodes the fibrillar-1 protein
36
gain of function
the yellow mouse carries a ___________________ allele of the agouti gene, which causes an increase in agouti expression and over production of yellow pigment in the mouse's fur
37
amorphasic or null allele
complete loss of function
38
hypomorphic
partial loss of function
39
haploid
_______ number has very little correlation with number of genes, organism size or complexity
40
a. species with more chromosomes have more genes b. species with more chromosomes have larger body size c. species with more chromosomes have greater complexity d. all the above e. none of the above
what does the number of chromosomes (haploid number) tell us about a species?
41
ape
human chromosome 2 is the result of a fusion between two ancestral ____ chromosomes
42
eukaryotes
In _________, transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next involves mitosis and meiosis
43
mitosis
leads to production of two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
44
meiosis
leads to production of gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes
45
interphase
the non-division phase of the cell cycle
46
quiescent
a _________ cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide, but may later re-enter the cell cycle
47
chromatin
during most of the cell cycle, DNA exists in an unfolded state known as ________
48
sister chromatids
since mitosis occurs after DNA replication, each mitotic chromosome contains two identical DNA molecules. these are __________
49
centromere
__________ is the point of connection between sister chromatids, and where spindle fibers will attach to the chromosome during mitosis
50
d. 46, 92
a human cell (2n=46) just prior to mitosis contains _____ chromosomes and _____ chromatids
51
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
stages of mitosis
52
* chromosomes condense, sister chromatids are already attached at the centromere * the nuclear envelope breaks down * centrioles migrate to opposite poles
what happens in prophase
53
* spindle fibers form *chromosomes align
what happens in metaphase
54
* centromeres split, and sister chromatids separate (disjunction) *sister chromatids are now daughter chromosomes *daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles
what happens in Anaphase
55
*daughter chromosomes arrive at opposite poles *cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) occurs *chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelope re-forms
what happens in telophase
56
prophase or metaphase (chromosomes are replicated and condensed, but sister chromatids have not yet separated)
what stage(s) of the cell cycle could these chromosomes have come from?
57
four
meiosis produces _____ gametes or spores with one haploid set of chromosomes each
58
meiosis
_______ reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid in germ cells and spores
59
Fertilization
________ (fusion of two haploid gametes) restores the diploid number of chromosomes in the next generation
60
synapsis
homologous chromosomes pair to form tetrads (four chromatids per tetrad) in a process called _______
61
chiasmata
site of crossing over between non-sister chromatids. allowing reciprocal exchange of DNA
62
prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2
phases of meiosis
63
dominant, recessive
In Mendel's pea plants, the violet allele is ________ and the white allele is _______
64
50%
in a standard monohybrid cross, what is the probability that an F2 individual will be heterozygous?
65
2/3
in a standard monohybrid cross, what is the probability that an F2 individual displaying the dominant phenotype is a heterozygote?
66
testcross
a _______ is a method to determine whether an individual displaying the dominant phenotype has a heterozygous or homozygous dominant genotype
67
100% gray
in fruit flies, which are diploid, body color is controlled by alternative alleles of a single gene. the allele producing the wild type gray body color exhibits complete dominance over a mutant allele producing a yellow body. what phenotype(s) would you expect in the F1 progeny from a cross between a true-breeding gray strain and a true-breeding yellow strain?
68
120
in fruit flies, purple eye color is inherited as a recessive Mendelian trait. You have set up a cross between males and females that are both carriers if the purple allele, and collect 480 of their offspring. How many of these do you expect to show the purple eye phenotype?
69
75%
brown coat color in Labrador retrievers is a recessive Mendelian trait (black color is dominant). If two black labs are mated and produce a brown puppy, what is the probably the the next puppy they produce will have a black coat?
70
4/9
what is the probability that an F2 plant with round yellow seeds has the genotype GgWw?
71
Aa x Aa
monohybrid self cross
72
Aa x aa
monohybrid testcross
73
AaBb xAaBb
dihybrid self cross
74
AaBb x aabb
dihybrid testcross
75
8
how many different gamete types can a trihybrid (AaBbCc) individual produce
76
2
how many different gamete types can a monohybrid make
77
4
how many different gamete types can a dihybrid make
78
3/4
from a trihybrid self cross what proportion of the progeny will display the dominant A phenotype
79
27/64
from a trihybrid self cross what proportion of the progeny will display dominant phenotypes for all three traits
80
1/32
from a trihybrid self cross what proportion of the progeny will have the genotype AABbcc?
81
d. males and females produce gametes of different size
what is the fundamental difference between males and females
82
isogamy
gametes are morphologically indistinguishable, but are often divided into mating types (a and alpha in yeast,
83
anisogamy
gametes are morphologically distinct (usually different in size); the individual that produces larger gametes is female and the smaller gametes come from the male
84
sex chromosomes
a chromosome that exhibits sex-specific differences in individuals of the same species
85
autosomes
any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
86
homogametic sex
the sex with identical types of sex chromosomes; the human female
87
heterogametic sex
The sex with two different sex chromosomes; a human male
88
sex-linked
genes found on the sex chromosome are called?
89
hemizygous
when only one copy of a gene is present in an individual

Genetics (17 decks)

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