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Genetics > Exam 1 terms > Flashcards

Exam 1 terms Flashcards

Quizlets: https://quizlet.com/353540574/genetics-chapter-12-flash-cards/ & https://quizlet.com/130226139/gen-13-quiz-flash-cards/

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The study of heredity and variation

A

genetics

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2
Q

a sequence of nucleotides that encodes a functional RNA

located on _____

A

gene; located on chromosomes

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3
Q

A single DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule which may contain many genes

A

chromosome

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4
Q

regulate gene expression; often outside of the gene itself

A

regulatory elements (enhancers, silencers)

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5
Q

RNA polymerase binding site; transcription starts here

A

promoter

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6
Q

this DNA sequence is copied into RNA when the gene is expressed

A

transcribed region

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7
Q

signal to stop transcription

A

terminator

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8
Q

The process by which a gene’s genetic information (its nucleotide sequence) is copied into a functional RNA

A

Gene expression

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9
Q

The function of a gene and its gene product(s) are determined by its _____ ______

A

nucleotide sequence

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10
Q

Gene products (RNAs and proteins) influence ____ ____ by regulating biochemical processes

A

phenotypic traits

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11
Q
  • The LCT gene is expressed (transcribed and translated) in _____ cells of the small intestine
  • The LCT protein is an ____ that metabolizes
    lactose
A

epithelial cells; enzyme (lactase)

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12
Q
A
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12
Q

For a molecule to serve as the genetic material, it must exhibit four crucial characteristics:

A
  • replication
  • storage of information
  • expression of information
  • allow variation by mutation
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13
Q

The process of cell division in gametogenesis or sporogenesis during which the diploid number of chromosomes is reduced to the haploid number.

A

meiosis

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14
Q

A form of cell division producing two progeny cells identical genetically to the parental cell—that is, the production of two cells from one, each having the same chromosome complement as the parent cell.

A

mitosis

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15
Q

the need for the genetic material to be able to encode the vast variety of gene products found among the countless forms of life on our planet

A

inherent (concept of storage)

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16
Q

Transfer of genetic information from DNA by the synthesis of a complementary RNA molecule using one strand of the DNA as a template

A

transcription

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17
Q

The derivation of the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide from the base sequence of an mRNA molecule in association with a ribosome and tRNAs.

A

translation

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18
Q

Virally mediated bacterial recombination. Also used to describe the transfer of eukaryotic genes mediated by a retrovirus.

A

transduction

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19
Q

a nucleoside covalently linked to one or more phosphate groups
- containing a single phosphate linked to the 5′ carbon of the ribose or deoxyribose are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

A

nucleotide

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20
Q

Heritable change in a cell or an organism brought about by exogenous DNA

A

transformation

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21
Q

An enzyme that participates in DNA replication by unwinding the double helix near the replication fork

A

DNA helicase

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22
Q

The overt appearance of a genetically controlled trait.

A

phenotype

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23
Q

A bacterial or plant cell with the cell wall removed. Sometimes called a spheroplast

A

protoplast

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24
Q

A collection of methods used to create DNA molecules by in vitro ligation of DNA from two different organisms

A

recombinant DNA technology

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25
Q

A subdiscipline of genetics created by the union of classical and molecular biology with the goal of sequencing and understanding genes, gene interaction, genetic elements, as well as the structure and evolution of genomes

A

genomics

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26
Q

The allelic or genetic constitution of an organism; often, the allelic composition of one or a limited number of genes under investigation

A

genotype

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27
Q

A type of virus that uses RNA as its genetic material and employs the enzyme reverse transcriptase during its life cycle

A

retroviruse

28
Q

A polymerase that facilitates …… …. using RNA as a template to transcribe a single- stranded DNA molecule.

A

reverse transcriptase

29
Q

A structure composed of two or more ribosomes associated with an mRNA engaged in translation.

A

polyribosome

(Also called a polysome)

30
Q

A molecule composed of amino acids linked together by covalent peptide bonds. This term is used to denote the amino acid chain before it assumes its functional three- dimensional configuration and is called a protein

A

polypeptide

31
Q

In nucleic acids, a short length of RNA or single- stranded DNA required for initiating synthesis directed by polymerases

A

primer

32
Q

a purine or pyrimidine base covalently linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar molecule.

A

nucleoside

33
Q

In nucleic acids, covalent bonds by which a phosphate group links adjacent nucleotides, extending from the 5′ carbon of one pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) to the 3′ carbon of the pentose sugar in the neighboring nucleotide.
- create the backbone of nucleic acid molecules

A

phosphodiester bond

34
Q

A linear sequence of about 10–20 nucleotides connected by 5′-3′ phosphodiester bonds

A

oligonucleotide

35
Q

A linear sequence of 20 or more nucleotides, joined by 5′-3′ phosphodiester bonds

A

polynucleotide

36
Q

Chemical affinity between nitrogenous bases of nucleic acid strands as a result of hydrogen bonding. Responsible for the base pairing between the strands of the DNA double helix and between DNA and RNA strands during gene expression in cells and during the use of molecular hybridization techniques

A

complementarity

37
Q

A weak electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen or a nitrogen atom and an atom that contains an unshared electron pair

A

hydrogen bond

38
Q

The RNA molecules that are the structural components of the ribosomal subunits.

  • In bacteria, these are the 16S, 23S, and 5S molecules
  • In eukaryotes, they are the 18S, 28S, and 5S molecules
A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

39
Q

An RNA molecule transcribed from DNA and translated into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

40
Q

A small ribonucleic acid molecule with an essential role in translation.

___ contain:
(1) a three-base segment (anticodon) that recognizes a codon in mRNA
(2) a binding site for the specific amino acid corresponding to the anticodon
(3) recognition sites for interaction with ribosomes and with the enzyme that links the tRNA to its specific amino acid.

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

41
Q

A unit of measure for the rate at which particles (molecules) sediment in a centrifugal field. This rate is a function of several physicochemical properties, including size and shape.
- rate of 1 x 10-13 seconds

A

Svedberg coefficient (S)

42
Q
  • the site of translation of mRNA codons into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain.
  • organelle consisting of two subunits, each containing RNA and protein molecules.
A

ribosome

43
Q

The enzyme that adds short, tandemly repeated DNA sequences to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

A

telomerase

44
Q

A technique that separates a mixture of molecules by their differential migration through a stationary medium (such as a gel) under the influence of an electrical field.

A

electrophoresis

45
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of an RNA polynucleotide strand using the base sequence of a DNA molecule as a template.

A

RNA polymerase

46
Q

The processing of a nascent transcript of RNA by the removal of introns and the joining together of exons

A

RNA splicing

47
Q

An enzyme that forms a covalent bond between the 5′ end of one polynucleotide chain and the end of another polynucleotide chain

A

DNA ligase

(It is also called polynucleotide-joining enzyme)

48
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotides utilizing a template DNA molecule.

A

DNA polymerase

49
Q

bacterial transformation was discovered by who & what year

A

griffith, 1928

50
Q
  • He isolated a novel molecule containing large amounts of phosphorus, but lacking sulfur, from the nuclei of leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Neither lipid nor protein, the mystery molecule could be precipitated from solution under acidic conditions
  • named this novel molecule “nuclein”
A

Johann Friederich Miescher

51
Q

DNA is located in chromosomes: who & what year

A

Feulgen, 1914

52
Q

found that all cells in an organism had the same amount of DNA except gametes, which had half the normal amount

A

Feulgen

53
Q

who & what year performed this experiment:

Transformation of pneumococcal bacteria

A

1928: Griffith

54
Q

who & what year performed this experiment:

DNA is the “transforming principle” conferring virulence of pneumococcal bacteria

A

1944: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

55
Q

who & what year performed this experiment:

DNA is responsible for directing the reproduction of T2 phage in bacteria

A

1952: Hershey and Chase

56
Q

smooth colonies, virulent (cause pneumonia)

A

type S (type of pneumococcal bacteria)

57
Q

rough colonies, avirulent (does not cause pneumonia)

A

type R (type of pneumococcal bacteria)

58
Q

Griffith demonstrated that type R strains could be transformed into type S strains by an unknown ____ ____

A

transforming principle

59
Q
  • virus that infects bacterial cells
  • approx. 50% DNA and 50% protein
  • virus attaches to bacterial cell, injects genetic material, and reproduces inside the bacterium
A

T2 bacteriophage

60
Q

Hershey and Chase demonstrated that DNA (and not a protein) enters the bacterial
cell during ____ _____ and directs ____ ____.

A

bacteriophage infection; viral reproduction

61
Q
  • tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
  • poliovirus
  • influenza viruses
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
A

single-stranded RNA viruses

62
Q

retroviruses (RNA genome; replicate via DNA intermediate)

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

63
Q

double-stranded RNA viruses

A

rotavirus

64
Q

Chemical composition of DNA:

A
  • deoxyribose (pentose sugar)
  • 4 organic nitrogenous bases (pyrimidines and purines)
  • a phosphate group
65
Q

cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

A

pyrimidine

66
Q

guanine & adenine

A

purine

67
Q

the basic building blocks of DNA

A

Nucleotides

Genetics (17 decks)

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