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Genetics > Exam 2 (Ch.17- gene regulation euk) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Ch.17- gene regulation euk) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

eukaryotic transcription requires …?

A

chromatin remodeling

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2
Q

Where does transcription occur in Eukaryotes?

A

nucleus

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3
Q

basis for development, cellular differentiation, and physiological cellular responses

A

differential gene expression

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4
Q

1) transcriptional control
2) rna processing control
3) rna transport and localization control
4) translational control
5) mRNA degration control
6) protein activity control

A

6 levels of gene expression

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5
Q

they can respond to changes in nutrient availability and environmental stress

A

Benefits from regulating genes in Eukaryotes

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6
Q
  • To ensure expression of genes in an accurate pattern during the various developmental stages of the life cycle
  • To ensure differences among distinct cell types
A

Why is gene regulation necessary in eukaryotes?

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7
Q

The three-dimensional packing of chromatin which is an important parameter that affects gene expression

A

chromatin structure

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8
Q

Chromatin can alternate between two conformations:

A

closed and open

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9
Q
  • chromatin is very tightly packed
  • transcription may be difficult or impossible
A

closed conformation of chromatin

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10
Q

chromatin is very extended and transcription can take place

A

open confirmation of chromatin

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11
Q
  • covalent modification of histones
  • ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling
A

two ways in which chromatin structure is altered:

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12
Q

Modification of histones:

The amino terminals of histones are modified in various ways: (3)

A

acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation

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13
Q

Adds acetyl groups to loosen the interaction between histones and DNA

A

histone acetyltransferase

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14
Q

Removes acetyl groups to restore a tighter interaction

A

histone deacetylase

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15
Q

histone acetylation or deacetylation can mediate the effects of ___ and ____

A

activators; repressors

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16
Q

HDAC= ___

HAT= ___

A

histone deacetylase; histone acetyl transferase

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17
Q

the reposition of nucleosomes allows for different chromosomal regions to be accessible to transcription proteins

A

SWI/SNF
(the best studied chromatin remodeling complexes)

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18
Q

___ ___ is associated with a decreased gene expression

A

DNA methylation

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19
Q

DNA methylation acts as a mechanism for gene silencing:

  • by preventing binding of ____
  • by affecting ____ status
A

regulatory factors; chromatin

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20
Q

____ ____:

  • Minimum part of the promoter needed for accurate initiation of transcription- by ____
  • 80 bp long nucleotide sequences
A

core promoters; RNAP II

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21
Q

specify transcription initiation at a single specific start site

A

focused core promoters

22
Q

Direct initiation from several weak transcription start sites

A

Dispersed core promoters

23
Q
  • Short nucleotide sequences bound by specific regulatory factors
  • Important components: Inr (initiator element), TATA box (TA-rich sequence), BRE (TFIIB recognition element), MTE (motif ten element), DPE (downstream promoter element)
  • They serve as the platform for the assembly of RNAP II
A

Focused core promoters

24
Q

affect the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter. They are DNA sequences bound by transcription factors

A

regulatory (or control) elements

25
Q

regulatory elements:

can be ___ to the promoter
(-100 to -100 from region)

A

proximal

26
Q

regulatory elements:

can be distal to the promoter (2 ways)

A

enhancers and silencers

27
Q

stimulate transcription (can do it from a long distance)

A

enhancers

28
Q
  • required for binding of RNA pol to the core promoter and its progression to the elongation stage
  • are necessary for basal transcription
A

General transcription factors

29
Q

inhibit transcription

A

silencers

30
Q
  • serve to regulate the rate of transcription of nearby genes
  • they influence the ability of RNA pol to being transcription of a particular gene
A

Regulatory transcription factors

31
Q

are proteins that influence the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe a given gene

A

transcription factors

32
Q

General transcription factors are required for the initiation of ____ by ____

A

transcription; RNA polymerase II

33
Q

A regulatory protein that increases the rate of transcription, these bind to enhancer sequences

A

an activator

34
Q

Regulatory transcription factors recognize ___ regulatory elements located near the core promoter
– These sequences are known as response elements, control elements or regulatory elements

A

cis

35
Q

A regulatory protein that decreases the rate of transcription, these bind to silencer sequences

A

repressor

36
Q

Nucleotide sequences that serve as recognition sites for the transcription machines and contain one or more elements including TATA box, proximal sequences (GC, CAAT, etc.), and enhancers or silencers

A

promoters

37
Q

The region to which RNA polymerase II binds

A

TATA box

(TATA A/T AAR) R= any purine

38
Q

eukaryotic transcription is regulated by transcription factors that bind to ____ sites

A

cis-acting

39
Q

transcription factors may be modulated by ___ or ____ binding

A

Phosphorylation or coactivator binding

40
Q

provides an example of how a gene can be transcriptionally regulated through interplay of multiple promoter and enhance elements along with the transcription factors that bind to them

A

human metallothionein IIA gene (hMTIIA)

41
Q

two functional domains of transcription factors:

A

A DNA binding domain & trans-activating (or repressing) domain

42
Q

functional domain:

activates or represses transcription through protein-protein interactions

A

trans-activating domain

43
Q

A ___ is a domain or portion of domain that has a very similar structure in many different proteins
- ex: helix-turn-helix, helix-loop-helix, zinc fingers, leucine zippers

A

motif

44
Q

functional domain:

____ which directs binding of the protein to a specific sequence of DNA

A

DNA binding domain

45
Q

eukaryotic genes are controlled by ___ and ___

A

enhancers & silencers

46
Q

transcription factors (activators) can enhance transcription initiation by interacting with the ___ ___ ___

A

basal transcriptional apparatus

47
Q

activators bind to enhancers and form the ____, which interacts with the transcription complex

A

enhanceosome

48
Q

What is one way a transcription factor can bind to DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonding between an alpha-helix and nucleotide bases

49
Q

the first general transcription factor to bind the promoter, binds to the TATA box through the TATA binding protein (TBP).

A

TFIID

50
Q

are required for the binding of RNA polymerase II to the promoter.

A

General transcription factors

51
Q

___ and ____ are common protein complexes that communicate the effects of regulatory transcription factors to RNA pol II.

A

TFIID; mediator

Genetics (17 decks)

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