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Genetics > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

synthesis of the complete RNA molecule

A

elongation

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2
Q

responsible for promoter recognition

A

sigma subunit

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3
Q

transcription components of bacterial transcription

A
  • RNA polymerase
  • core enzyme
  • sigma subunit
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4
Q

At the end of the gene, transcription terminates due to _ in the RNA.

A

hairpin formation

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5
Q

in some cases, (bacterial transcription) termination depends on the _

A

rho (p) termination factor

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6
Q
  • occurs in the nucleus and is not coupled to translation
  • requires chromatin remodeling.
A

Transcription in eukaryotes

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7
Q

Nuclear DNA is transcribed by three different RNA polymerases

A

RNA pol I, II, III

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8
Q

Transcribes all rRNA genes (except for the 5S rRNA)

A

RNA pol I

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9
Q

transcribes all structural genes thus all mRNA and some snRNA

A

RNA pol II

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10
Q

transcribes all tRNA genes and the 5S rRNA gene

A

RNA pol III

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11
Q

also influence transcription regulation in addition to promoters

A

enhancers

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12
Q

three features are found in most promoters

A
  • Transcriptional start site
  • TATA box
  • Regulatory elements
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13
Q
  • relatively short
  • consists of the TATA box
  • Important in determining the precise start point for transcription
A

core promoter

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14
Q
  • cap and tail added
  • introns exercised and exons spliced togther
A

RNA processing

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15
Q

a low level of transcription resulting from just the core promoter

A

basal transcription

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16
Q
  • affect the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter
  • They are DNA sequences bound by transcription factors
  • can be proximal or distal
A

Regulatory (or control) elements

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17
Q

inhibit transcription

A

silencers

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18
Q

DNA sequences that exert their effect only on nearby genes
- ex: tata box, enhancers, silencers

A

cis-acting elements

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19
Q

Regulatory proteins that bind to cis-acting DNA sequences
- ex: transcription factors

A

trans-acting elements

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20
Q

a core promoter element that binds the TATA-binding protein (TBP) of transcription factor TFIID and determines the start site of transcription

A

TATA box

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21
Q

required for all RNP II mediated transcription and help RNA polymerase II bind to the promoter and initiate transcription

A

General transcription factors

22
Q

The primary transcript is heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) that is posttranscriptionally processed by:

A
  1. Capping of the 5’ end
  2. Addition of a poly-A tail to the 3’ end
  3. Removal of the introns by splicing
23
Q

capping enzyme of 5’ primary RNA transcript

A

methylated cap and triphosphate bridge

24
Q
  • addition of a short sequence or a tail of adenine (poly A-tail) nucleotides to the 3’ end of an mRNA molecule
  • happens during RNA spilcing in eukaryotes.
A

polyadenylation

25
Q
  • intervening sequences
  • regions of the initial RNA transcript that are not expressed in the amino acid sequence of the protein
  • removed by splicing and the exons are joined together in the mature mRNA
A

introns

26
Q
  • Pre-mRNA introns are spliced out by the _ in a reaction involving the formation of a lariat structure
  • formed by small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)
  • covers the RNA being spliced
A

spliceosome

27
Q

a GU dinucleotide at the 5’-end of the intron

A

donor sequence

28
Q

a AG dinucleotide sequence at the 3’-end of the intron

A

acceptor sequence

29
Q
  • donor sequence
  • acceptor sequence
  • branch point adenine
A

Essential intron sequences

30
Q

Two _ reactions are necessary to splice out the intron.

A

transesterification

31
Q

3 types of frameshift mutations

A

insertion, deletion, insertion+ deletion

32
Q

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene
- ex: the fat caa tat eth ebi gra t

A

insertion

33
Q

Mutation in which one or more nucleotides are lost
- ex: the fat cat aet heb igr at

A

deletion

34
Q

mutation in which nucleotides are added and others are removed
- ex: the fat caa tae the big rat

A

insertion+ deletion

35
Q

serves as an intermediate in transferring genetic information from DNA to proteins

A

mRNA

36
Q

provides 64 codons to specify the 20 amino acids

A

triplet code

37
Q

the genetic code is _ and _

A

nonoverlapping; comma-less

38
Q
  • cracked the genetic code
  • determined what codons (nitrogen bases) code for what amino acids
A

Nirenberg & Matthaei

39
Q

UUU encodes _

A

phenylalanine

40
Q

CCC encodes _

A

proline

41
Q

AAA encodes _

A

lysine

42
Q

GGG encodes _

A

glycine

43
Q
  • developed by Nirenberg and Leder to determine other specific codon assignments
  • ribosomes bind to single codon of three nucleotides
  • complementary amino acid-charged tRNA can bind
A

triplet binding assay

44
Q

Long RNAs with di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeats were used for in vitro translation to determine more codon assignment

A

Gobind Khorana

45
Q

genetic code:

an amino acids can be specified by more than one codon

A

degenerate

46
Q

only _ and _ are encoded by a single codon

A

tryptophan and methionine

47
Q

do not specify an amino acid

A

nonsense codon

48
Q

the only codon to encode for methionine and is used to “start” the reading frame

A

AUG

49
Q

stop/ nonsense codon

A
  • uag= amber
  • uaa= ocher
  • UGA= opal
50
Q

quizlet

A

https://quizlet.com/527920807/genetics-uark-exam-1-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=c3cf98d8-65c3-4901-84f9-2da3c7e84ab8

Genetics (17 decks)

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