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Genetics > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

are nucleotide sequences that encode functional RNAs

A

genes

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2
Q

genes are carried on

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

influence phenotypic traits by regulating biochemical processes

A

gene products (RNAs and proteins)

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4
Q

what determines the function of the genes

A

nucleotide sequence

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5
Q

an ______ is one of the possible alternative forms of a gene

A

allele

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6
Q

many different ________ can exist for a single gene

A

alleles

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7
Q

if two copies of a gene have identical DNA sequences, they are considered the _____ ______ of that gene

A

same allele

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8
Q

if two copies of a gene have one or more differences in their DNA sequences, they are considered ______ ______ of that gene

A

different alleles

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9
Q

what is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome called

A

locus

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10
Q

different alleles of the same gene will be found at the _____ locus

A

same

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11
Q

_______ is any heritable change in DNA sequence

A

mutation

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12
Q

any change in genomic sequence is considered a _______, whether or not it occurs in a gene

A

mutation

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13
Q

-copying errors during replication -environmental mutagenesis (radiation or chemical) -chromosomal rearrangement

A

mutations can be caused by:

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14
Q

in haploid organisms like bacteria, each individual carries ____ copy of each gene

A

one

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15
Q

haploids can only carried a _____ allele

A

single

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16
Q

in diploid organisms like humans, each individual carries _____ copies of each gene

A

two

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17
Q

both copies of the gene are identical in DNA sequence in this individual

A

homozygous

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18
Q

the two copies of the gene have one or more differences in the DNA sequence in this individual

A

heterozygous

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19
Q

consider the person sitting next to you. which of the following is true regarding your genes and alleles?

A

A) you and your neighbor carry different genes and different alleles B) you and your neighbor carry the same genes, but you may have different alleles C) you and your neighbor carry the same genes and the same alleles D) you and your neighbor carry different genes but same alleles

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20
Q

for any given gene, the allele which occurs most frequently in a population is designated as

A

wild type

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21
Q

what is the wild type eye color for Drosophila

A

red eyes

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22
Q

what is the mutant eye color for Drosophila

A

white eyes

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23
Q

any mutation which causes a decrease in the normal expression or activity of a gene or its gene products is a

A

loss of function mutation

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24
Q

any mutation which causes an increase in the normal expression or activity of a gene or its gene products or confers a new expression pattern or activity is a

A

gain of function mutation

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25
Q

loss of function mutations are much more ________ than gain of function mutations

A

common

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26
Q

heterozygotes carry two different alleles. those two alleles may specify different phenotypes. which phenotype will the heterozygote display?

A

the dominant allele

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27
Q

the allele whose phenotype is visible is the ______ allele

A

dominant

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28
Q

the allele whose phenotype is not visible in the ______ allele

A

recessive

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29
Q

the more copies of a gene there are the more the gene product will be produced when that gene is expressed, this is called?

A

gene dosage

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30
Q

in diploids, many genes only require a single copy for a wild-type level of function. These genes are ________

A

haplosufficient

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31
Q

if one-half the normal amount of gene product is sufficient for normal function the gene is _____

A

haplosufficient

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32
Q

if a gene is haplosufficient, individuals carrying one functional allele and one non-functional allele will display a _______ phenotype

A

wild type

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33
Q

if one-half the normal amount of gene product is not sufficient for normal function, the gene is _____

A

haploinsufficient

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34
Q

for halpoinsufficient genes, loss of function alleles are often ______ to wild type alleles

A

dominant

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35
Q

caused by a loss of function mutation in the FBN1 gene, which encodes the fibrillar-1 protein

A

Marfan Syndrome

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36
Q

the yellow mouse carries a ___________________ allele of the agouti gene, which causes an increase in agouti expression and over production of yellow pigment in the mouse’s fur

A

gain of function

37
Q

complete loss of function

A

amorphasic or null allele

38
Q

partial loss of function

A

hypomorphic

39
Q

_______ number has very little correlation with number of genes, organism size or complexity

A

haploid

40
Q

what does the number of chromosomes (haploid number) tell us about a species?

A

a. species with more chromosomes have more genes b. species with more chromosomes have larger body size c. species with more chromosomes have greater complexity d. all the above e. none of the above

41
Q

human chromosome 2 is the result of a fusion between two ancestral ____ chromosomes

A

ape

42
Q

In _________, transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next involves mitosis and meiosis

A

eukaryotes

43
Q

leads to production of two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

mitosis

44
Q

leads to production of gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes

A

meiosis

45
Q

the non-division phase of the cell cycle

A

interphase

46
Q

a _________ cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide, but may later re-enter the cell cycle

A

quiescent

47
Q

during most of the cell cycle, DNA exists in an unfolded state known as ________

A

chromatin

48
Q

since mitosis occurs after DNA replication, each mitotic chromosome contains two identical DNA molecules. these are __________

A

sister chromatids

49
Q

__________ is the point of connection between sister chromatids, and where spindle fibers will attach to the chromosome during mitosis

A

centromere

50
Q

a human cell (2n=46) just prior to mitosis contains _____ chromosomes and _____ chromatids

A

d. 46, 92

51
Q

stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

52
Q

what happens in prophase

A
  • chromosomes condense, sister chromatids are already attached at the centromere * the nuclear envelope breaks down * centrioles migrate to opposite poles
53
Q

what happens in metaphase

A
  • spindle fibers form *chromosomes align
54
Q

what happens in Anaphase

A
  • centromeres split, and sister chromatids separate (disjunction) *sister chromatids are now daughter chromosomes *daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles
55
Q

what happens in telophase

A

*daughter chromosomes arrive at opposite poles *cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) occurs *chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelope re-forms

56
Q

what stage(s) of the cell cycle could these chromosomes have come from?

A

prophase or metaphase (chromosomes are replicated and condensed, but sister chromatids have not yet separated)

57
Q

meiosis produces _____ gametes or spores with one haploid set of chromosomes each

A

four

58
Q

_______ reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid in germ cells and spores

A

meiosis

59
Q

________ (fusion of two haploid gametes) restores the diploid number of chromosomes in the next generation

A

Fertilization

60
Q

homologous chromosomes pair to form tetrads (four chromatids per tetrad) in a process called _______

A

synapsis

61
Q

site of crossing over between non-sister chromatids. allowing reciprocal exchange of DNA

A

chiasmata

62
Q

phases of meiosis

A

prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2

63
Q

In Mendel’s pea plants, the violet allele is ________ and the white allele is _______

A

dominant, recessive

64
Q

in a standard monohybrid cross, what is the probability that an F2 individual will be heterozygous?

A

50%

65
Q

in a standard monohybrid cross, what is the probability that an F2 individual displaying the dominant phenotype is a heterozygote?

A

2/3

66
Q

a _______ is a method to determine whether an individual displaying the dominant phenotype has a heterozygous or homozygous dominant genotype

A

testcross

67
Q

in fruit flies, which are diploid, body color is controlled by alternative alleles of a single gene. the allele producing the wild type gray body color exhibits complete dominance over a mutant allele producing a yellow body. what phenotype(s) would you expect in the F1 progeny from a cross between a true-breeding gray strain and a true-breeding yellow strain?

A

100% gray

68
Q

in fruit flies, purple eye color is inherited as a recessive Mendelian trait. You have set up a cross between males and females that are both carriers if the purple allele, and collect 480 of their offspring. How many of these do you expect to show the purple eye phenotype?

A

120

69
Q

brown coat color in Labrador retrievers is a recessive Mendelian trait (black color is dominant). If two black labs are mated and produce a brown puppy, what is the probably the the next puppy they produce will have a black coat?

A

75%

70
Q

what is the probability that an F2 plant with round yellow seeds has the genotype GgWw?

A

4/9

71
Q

monohybrid self cross

A

Aa x Aa

72
Q

monohybrid testcross

A

Aa x aa

73
Q

dihybrid self cross

A

AaBb xAaBb

74
Q

dihybrid testcross

A

AaBb x aabb

75
Q

how many different gamete types can a trihybrid (AaBbCc) individual produce

A

8

76
Q

how many different gamete types can a monohybrid make

A

2

77
Q

how many different gamete types can a dihybrid make

A

4

78
Q

from a trihybrid self cross what proportion of the progeny will display the dominant A phenotype

A

3/4

79
Q

from a trihybrid self cross what proportion of the progeny will display dominant phenotypes for all three traits

A

27/64

80
Q

from a trihybrid self cross what proportion of the progeny will have the genotype AABbcc?

A

1/32

81
Q

what is the fundamental difference between males and females

A

d. males and females produce gametes of different size

82
Q

gametes are morphologically indistinguishable, but are often divided into mating types (a and alpha in yeast,

A

isogamy

83
Q

gametes are morphologically distinct (usually different in size); the individual that produces larger gametes is female and the smaller gametes come from the male

A

anisogamy

84
Q

a chromosome that exhibits sex-specific differences in individuals of the same species

A

sex chromosomes

85
Q

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

A

autosomes

86
Q

the sex with identical types of sex chromosomes; the human female

A

homogametic sex

87
Q

The sex with two different sex chromosomes; a human male

A

heterogametic sex

88
Q

genes found on the sex chromosome are called?

A

sex-linked

89
Q

when only one copy of a gene is present in an individual

A

hemizygous

Genetics (17 decks)

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