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Embryology > exam 3 chp 9 > Flashcards

exam 3 chp 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endchondral ossification- replacing of bone?

A

splanchnchondrocranium

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2
Q

what is the intramembranous ossification- composed of membrane bones?

A

splanchnomembranocranium

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3
Q

the cartilagenus skeleton develops from?

A

visceral or brachial arches

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4
Q

humans have how many arches?

and start with how many?

A

5 arches with 5th disappearing in 1.5 days and they start with 6

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5
Q

which arch forms the palate, maxilla, meckel’s cartilage, incus and malleous (bones of ear)?

A

first arch (mandibular arch)

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6
Q

which arch forms the stapes, cranial half of the hyoid, and the lesser horn?

A

the second arch (reichert’s cartilage)
cranial half of hyoid is not attached to any bone
lesser horn is still on hyiod bone

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7
Q

which arch forms the caudal half of the hyoid, and the greater horn?

A

third arch

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8
Q

the fourth and six arches form what?

A

cartilages of the larynx

-no ossification occurs here

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9
Q

what is the region in front of the incisive fissure and between canines?

A

premaxillae

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10
Q

maxillae and the premaxillae unite to form?

A

maxilla

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11
Q

the bones in upper and lower jaw, premaxillae, and maxillae are what types of splanchnocranium bones?

A

splanchnomembranocranium

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12
Q

the bones whose ossification center begins in the 7th week of developmennt, ossify outside of meckel’s cartilage, and forms the ramus of the mandible?

A

dentary bones

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13
Q

3 characteristics of the fetal skull?

A
  • thin bones, large head
  • very large in proportion to body
  • hard for baby to hold up when born
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14
Q

the notochord offers support of the axial skeleton and is replaced by?

A

vertebral column

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15
Q

what is the modified tissue in the intervertebral disc?

A

nucleus pulposus

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16
Q

when the vertebral column is developing from somite mesenchyme sclerotomes, the caudal part is? and the cranial part is?

A

caudal- proliferates creating a densely packed area

cranial- loosely packed

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17
Q

two parts of intersegmental dvelopment?

A
  1. muscle attachment

2. nerve emergence

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18
Q

what begins at the 7thweek and starts in the cranial vertebrae and continuing into the caudal part

A

chondrification

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19
Q

the cartilaginous vertebral body that replaces the notochord and has 2 chondrification centers?

A

centrum

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20
Q

what is the medial growth on each side around the neural tube, and has one chondrification center in each side?

A

vertebral arches

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21
Q

vertebral arches do not unite to form the _______ ________ until the 3rd month after birth?

A

spinous process

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22
Q

ossification of the vertebral column begins at 9 weeks and by what month all ossification centers except two are present?

A

the 5th month all but 2 are present

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23
Q

what are the two ossification centers still not present by the 5th month?

A

Sacral region

Coccygeal region

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24
Q

what are the three ossification centers in the vertebrae?

A

one in centrum

one in each half of the vertebral arch

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25
Q

what are the five ossification centers of a vertebrae present at puberty?

A

1 at tip of spinous process
1 at each tip of transverse process
2 on the rim of epiphyseal center

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26
Q

the process by which dense mesenchymal precursors of the skeleton are converted into cartilage is known as?

A

chondrification

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27
Q

what develops from the mesenchyme and cartilage of the costal processes?

A

ribs
each rib has one chondrification center
ossification appears in 9th week

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28
Q

the sternum unites and fuses with the ends of ribs at what week?

A

the 6th week

29
Q

mesenchymal bands of the sternum are called?

A

sternal bars

30
Q

smaller cartilages anterior to the sternal bars fuse with sternum become the?

A

Manubrium

31
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

shoulder
pelvic girdle
limbs

32
Q

upper limbs appear aound what week?

A

4th week

33
Q

lower limbs appear around what week?

A

5th week

34
Q

the limbs start their chondrification at what week?

A

5th or 6th week

35
Q

during development the upper limbs rotate laterally to bring the elbow facing posteriorly and the extensor muscles to lie on the __________ and ________ part of the limb.

A

posterior and lateral part of the limb

36
Q

during development the lower limb roataes in what direction to caus ethe knee to face ventrally and the extensor muscles to face anteriorly?

A

the limb rotates medially

37
Q

which bone begins as an intramembranous bone, and ossifies before any other bone in the body with growth cartilages developing at both ends?

A

clavicle

38
Q

the study of what causes (factors, origin) a disease is known as?

A

etiology

39
Q

autosomal etiology means?

A

a problem of the 22 chromosomes that are the same in both male and female

40
Q

sex linked etiology means?

A

specific to male or female

41
Q

what is the term when there are abnormal development in cartilage or disproportionate growth patterns, that are mostly autosomal dominant, some autosomal recessive, and others are sex-linked in cause?

A

Chondrodystrophies

42
Q

the term characterized by slow growth of cartilage and bone ossification?

A

Achondroplasia

43
Q

what disorder is associated with small stature, megalocephaly, lumbar lordosis, short tubular bones, thoracolumbar kyphosis, and mild hypotonia. the etiology is autosomal dominate

A

Achondroplasia

44
Q

what disorder in mild form is characterized by small stature, short bowed lower limbs and lumbar lordosis?

A

Hypochondroplasia

45
Q

what is the term for the storage of lipids in the nervous system?

A

Mucopolysaccharidoses

46
Q

An accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the mesenchyme can lead to what common problems?

A

cleidocranial dystosis
hurler’s syndrome
hunter’s syndrome
jaw disorders

47
Q

spina bifida Occulta is limited to components of body?

A

skeletal components

48
Q

spina bifida cystica can meninges and spinal cord. what are the terms for the different types?

A

meningocoele- meninges only

meningomyelocoele- meninges and spinal cord

49
Q

congenital scoliosis can come in what three types?

A
  1. numerial variations
  2. morphological variations
    3 both 1 and 2
50
Q

when the notochord is retained in the vertebral bodies leading to a lsow growing tumor is it known as?

A

chordoma

51
Q

a lack of ossification of the skull at birth is known as?

A

cranial dysostosis

52
Q

premature closure of the sutures of the skull combined with eye and brain deformities is known as?

A

Craniostenosis

53
Q

when all sutures of the skull close prematurely (symmetrically) it is known as?

A

Oxycephaly

54
Q

if all the sutures close asymmetrically?

A

Plagiocephaly

55
Q

when the sagittal sutures close prematurely its known as?

A

Scaphocephaly

56
Q

when the coronal sutures close prematurely its known as?

A

Acrocephaly

57
Q

fusion of the digits is known as?

A

Syndactyly

58
Q

a 40 cm skull and a 900 gram brain is known as?

A

microcephaly

59
Q

a skull that is greater than 60cm and a brain is 1500 grams is known as?

A

macrocephaly

60
Q

an absence of limbs, and an etiology of environmental factors, is known as?

A

Amelia

61
Q

what disorder causes an absence or reduction of the proximal parts of limbs, and the etiology is environmental factors?

A

Phocomelia

62
Q

what disorder causes an absence or reduction of the distal parts of limbs and has environmental factors as the etiology?

A

Meromelia

63
Q

what disorder causes hypoplasia and fusion of the lower limbs, with an etiology that is spontaneous?

A

sympodia

(monopodia) mermaids’s syndrome

64
Q

what disorder causes a duplication of the distal parts of limbs, the etiology is environmental factors?

A

Dichiria

65
Q

when there is a presence of extra digits and an etiology of autosomal dominant it is known as?

A

Polydactyly

66
Q

the disorder that causes a fusion of the digits and an etiology of autosomal dominant it is known as?

A

Syndactyly

67
Q

a disorder that is etiologically autosomal dominant and causes a shortness of the digits?

A

Brachydactyly

68
Q

a disorder that is etiologically autosomal dominant and causes long digits with extra phalanges is?

A

Hyperphalangism

Embryology (9 decks)

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