exam 3 chp 10

Question 1

muscle formation is known as?

Answer 1

myogenesis

Question 2

expression of myoD family of muscle specific basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors is known as?

Answer 2

gene activation

Question 3

Wnts from the bone morphogenetic protein [BMP-4] regulate the beginning of?

Answer 3

myogenesis

Question 4

what genes are important for development in the hypaxial and epiaxcial muscles?

Answer 4

MyoD and Myf-5 genes

Question 5

the dorsal neural tube and surface ectoderm induce the?

Answer 5

dermomyotome

Question 6

the inductive signal of the dermomyotome has been identified as proteins encoded by the _____ gene family.

Answer 6

Wnt gene family

Question 7

the myotome inner layer forms the?

Answer 7

forms the muscles

Question 8

the three classification of skeletal muscles?

Answer 8

1. skeletal muscles
2. smooth or visceral muscles
3. cardiac muscles

Question 9

which class of muscle is derived from the myotomes of somites, mesenchyme of brachial arches, and mesenchyme of limbs?

Answer 9

skeletal muscles

Question 10

during the development of muscles there is a change in the ___________ of fibers. there is a migration of __________. Fusion of successive _____________ may occur.

Answer 10

change in direction of fiber
-(craniocaudal direction)
Migration of muscle
-Latissimus Dorsi
Fusion of successive myoyomes may occur
-Rectus Abdominis

Question 11

also during the development of muscles. the _____________ of the myotome occusr. as well as The _____________ splittting of myotomes and the ____________ of mytomes forms ligaments.

Answer 11

Longitudinal splitting of muscle
-sternohyoid
Tangential splitting of the myotomes
-oblique and transverse muscles of the abdomen
Degeneration of myotomes forms ligaments
-Tensor Fascia Lata

Question 12

what forms the extensor muscles of the vertebral column?

Answer 12

Epimers

Question 13

what gives rise to the muscles of the limbs and body wall?

Answer 13

Hypomers

Question 14

the small dorsal part that is formed from the dorsomedial cells of the somite?

Answer 14

epimere/epiaxial

Question 15

the larger ventral part formed from the migration of the dorsolateral cells of the somite?

Answer 15

hypomere/hypaxial

Question 16

What are the hypomers/hypaxial of the cervical region?

Answer 16

Prevertebrals
Scalenes
Part of trapezius
Part of sternocleidomastoid 
Infrahyoid

Question 17

What are the hypomers of the thoracic region?

Answer 17

Intercostal muscles

Transversus thoracis

Question 18

What are the four hypomers of the abdominal region?

Answer 18

Psoas
Quadratus lumborum
External and internal transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis

Question 19

The nerves of the epitaxy and the hypaxial that innervate the segmental muscles?

Answer 19

Dorsal primary rami
Ventral primary rami
These nerves will remain in their original muscle segment throughout their migration

Question 20

The ________ cause the muscles in the wall of the thorax to maintain their segments.

Answer 20

The ribs

Question 21

Muscles of the head develop from the ___________ of the brachial arches.

Answer 21

Mesenchyme

Question 22

The temporalis, masseter, pterygoid, myelohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor tempani, and tensor veli palatini are muscle formed from what arch?

Answer 22

These muscles of mastication are formed from the first arch

Question 23

The orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, risorius, platysma, front-occipitalis are the muscle of the face formed by which arch?

Answer 23

The second arch

Question 24

The stylo-pharyngeal muscle is formed from which arch?

Answer 24

The third arch

Question 25

The laryngeal, some pharyngeal, palate muscles, part of the sternoclastoid, and part of trapezius are formed from which arch?

Answer 25

The fourth and sixth

Question 26

What is the innervation of the first branchial arch?

Answer 26

Trigeminal nerve (5)

Question 27

What is the nerve innervation of the second branchial arch?

Answer 27

Facial nerve (7)

Question 28

What is the nerve innervation of the third branchial arch?

Answer 28

Glossopharyngeal (9)

Question 29

What is the nerve innervation of the 4th and 6th branchial arch?

Answer 29

Vagus and hypoglossal

Question 30

Limbs buds are made from?

Answer 30

Made from muscular mesenchyme

Question 31

Mesenchyme develops into what two different groups?

Answer 31

Extensors-dorsal group | Flexors- ventral group

Question 32

Smooth muscle of the iris derives from?

Answer 32

Derives from the neuroectoderm

Question 33

Cardiac and Smooth muscle derives from?

Answer 33

Splanchnic mesoderm

Question 34

Myoblasts adhere to each other by special attachments?

Answer 34

Intercalated discs

Question 35

Later in cardiac muscle development special fibers appear known as?

Answer 35

Purkinje fibers

Question 36

Muscles can vary greatly, and there might be variations in form, positions, and attachment. Usually associated with other defects such as skeletal. This is known as?

Answer 36

Congenital malformation

Question 37

A unilateral absence of muscle can occur in 4 main areas?

Answer 37

Pectoralis- most frequent Trapezius and SCM- next frequent Deltoid, infra-supra spinatus- rare Palmaris longus- 13% absent

Question 38

The defects in the abdominal muscles are always?

Answer 38

Bilateral

Question 39

A distended abdomen from aphasia of the abdominal musculature is known as?

Answer 39

Prune belly

Question 40

There can be a bilateral absence of abdominal muscles. Below the umbilicus the _______ abdominis is absent more frequently than the _________ abdominis.

Answer 40

Transvers abdominis is more frequently missing | Rectus abdominis

Question 41

There can be a bilateral absence of muscles above the umbilicus. The internal oblique is the most frequently missing. The ________ oblique is the next most frequent and the _________ abdominis is the least frequent.

Answer 41

External oblique Internal oblique Rectus abdominis

Question 42

When the sternocleidomastoid is injured during development it is known as?

Answer 42

Torticollis

Question 43

What disorder affects both sides equally, equally prevalent in both male and female, autosomal dominant gene?

Answer 43

Torticollis

Question 44

In congenital torticollis the SCM becomes?

Answer 44

SCM becomes fibrous