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Embryology > exam 3 chp 10 > Flashcards

exam 3 chp 10 Flashcards

1
Q

muscle formation is known as?

A

myogenesis

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2
Q

expression of myoD family of muscle specific basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors is known as?

A

gene activation

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3
Q

Wnts from the bone morphogenetic protein [BMP-4] regulate the beginning of?

A

myogenesis

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4
Q

what genes are important for development in the hypaxial and epiaxcial muscles?

A

MyoD and Myf-5 genes

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5
Q

the dorsal neural tube and surface ectoderm induce the?

A

dermomyotome

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6
Q

the inductive signal of the dermomyotome has been identified as proteins encoded by the _____ gene family.

A

Wnt gene family

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7
Q

the myotome inner layer forms the?

A

forms the muscles

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8
Q

the three classification of skeletal muscles?

A
  1. skeletal muscles
  2. smooth or visceral muscles
  3. cardiac muscles
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9
Q

which class of muscle is derived from the myotomes of somites, mesenchyme of brachial arches, and mesenchyme of limbs?

A

skeletal muscles

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10
Q

during the development of muscles there is a change in the ___________ of fibers. there is a migration of __________. Fusion of successive _____________ may occur.

A 
change in direction of fiber
-(craniocaudal direction)
Migration of muscle
-Latissimus Dorsi
Fusion of successive myoyomes may occur
-Rectus Abdominis
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11
Q

also during the development of muscles. the _____________ of the myotome occusr. as well as The _____________ splittting of myotomes and the ____________ of mytomes forms ligaments.

A 
Longitudinal splitting of muscle
-sternohyoid
Tangential splitting of the myotomes
-oblique and transverse muscles of the abdomen
Degeneration of myotomes forms ligaments
-Tensor Fascia Lata
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12
Q

what forms the extensor muscles of the vertebral column?

A

Epimers

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13
Q

what gives rise to the muscles of the limbs and body wall?

A

Hypomers

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14
Q

the small dorsal part that is formed from the dorsomedial cells of the somite?

A

epimere/epiaxial

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15
Q

the larger ventral part formed from the migration of the dorsolateral cells of the somite?

A

hypomere/hypaxial

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16
Q

What are the hypomers/hypaxial of the cervical region?

A 
Prevertebrals
Scalenes
Part of trapezius
Part of sternocleidomastoid 
Infrahyoid
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17
Q

What are the hypomers of the thoracic region?

A

Intercostal muscles

Transversus thoracis

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18
Q

What are the four hypomers of the abdominal region?

A

Psoas
Quadratus lumborum
External and internal transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis

19
Q

The nerves of the epitaxy and the hypaxial that innervate the segmental muscles?

A

Dorsal primary rami
Ventral primary rami
These nerves will remain in their original muscle segment throughout their migration

20
Q

The ________ cause the muscles in the wall of the thorax to maintain their segments.

A

The ribs

21
Q

Muscles of the head develop from the ___________ of the brachial arches.

A

Mesenchyme

22
Q

The temporalis, masseter, pterygoid, myelohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor tempani, and tensor veli palatini are muscle formed from what arch?

A

These muscles of mastication are formed from the first arch

23
Q

The orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, risorius, platysma, front-occipitalis are the muscle of the face formed by which arch?

A

The second arch

24
Q

The stylo-pharyngeal muscle is formed from which arch?

A

The third arch

25
Q

The laryngeal, some pharyngeal, palate muscles, part of the sternoclastoid, and part of trapezius are formed from which arch?

A

The fourth and sixth

26
Q

What is the innervation of the first branchial arch?

A

Trigeminal nerve (5)

27
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the second branchial arch?

A

Facial nerve (7)

28
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the third branchial arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal (9)

29
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the 4th and 6th branchial arch?

A

Vagus and hypoglossal

30
Q

Limbs buds are made from?

A

Made from muscular mesenchyme

31
Q

Mesenchyme develops into what two different groups?

A

Extensors-dorsal group

Flexors- ventral group

32
Q

Smooth muscle of the iris derives from?

A

Derives from the neuroectoderm

33
Q

Cardiac and Smooth muscle derives from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

34
Q

Myoblasts adhere to each other by special attachments?

A

Intercalated discs

35
Q

Later in cardiac muscle development special fibers appear known as?

A

Purkinje fibers

36
Q

Muscles can vary greatly, and there might be variations in form, positions, and attachment. Usually associated with other defects such as skeletal. This is known as?

A

Congenital malformation

37
Q

A unilateral absence of muscle can occur in 4 main areas?

A

Pectoralis- most frequent
Trapezius and SCM- next frequent
Deltoid, infra-supra spinatus- rare
Palmaris longus- 13% absent

38
Q

The defects in the abdominal muscles are always?

A

Bilateral

39
Q

A distended abdomen from aphasia of the abdominal musculature is known as?

A

Prune belly

40
Q

There can be a bilateral absence of abdominal muscles. Below the umbilicus the _______ abdominis is absent more frequently than the _________ abdominis.

A

Transvers abdominis is more frequently missing

Rectus abdominis

41
Q

There can be a bilateral absence of muscles above the umbilicus. The internal oblique is the most frequently missing. The ________ oblique is the next most frequent and the _________ abdominis is the least frequent.

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Rectus abdominis

42
Q

When the sternocleidomastoid is injured during development it is known as?

A

Torticollis

43
Q

What disorder affects both sides equally, equally prevalent in both male and female, autosomal dominant gene?

A

Torticollis

44
Q

In congenital torticollis the SCM becomes?

A

SCM becomes fibrous

Embryology (9 decks)

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