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Embryology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name of the process by which the bilaminar germ disc is converted to a trilaminar germ disc?

A

Gastrulation

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2
Q

what is Gastrulation?

A

the process by which a bilaminar germ disc is converted into a trilaminar disc

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3
Q

what is the beginning of Morphogenesis?

A

Gastrulation is the beginning of morphogenesis

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4
Q

the Embryo can be referred to as?

A

the Gastrula

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5
Q

Rapid development of the embryo from the trilaminar embryonic disc during the third week is characterized by?

A
  • the appearance of the primitive streak
  • Development of the Notochord
  • Differentiation of the three germ layers
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6
Q

what are the genes that play a role in gastrulation?

A
  • Bone morphogenetic proteins
  • SHH- sonic hedgehog
  • Tgifs
  • Wnts
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7
Q

what are the three layers of the Gastrula from top to bottom?

A
  • Embryonic Ectoderm- Top layer
  • Embryonic Endoderm- Middle Layer
  • Embryonic Mesoderm- Bottom layer
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8
Q

Embryonic Ectoderm gives rise to what parts of the body?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Central and peripheral nervous systems
  • Eyes
  • Internal Ears
  • and as neural crest cells, develops many connective tissues of the head.
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9
Q

The Embryonic Endoderm is the source of what parts of the body?

A
  • epithelial linings of the respiratory and alimentary (digestive) tracts
  • the glands opening into the gastrointestinal tract
  • the glandular cells of associated organs, such as the liver and pancreas
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10
Q

The Embryonic Mesoderm gives rise to the most body parts, what are they?

A
  • skeletal muscles
  • blood cells and the lining of blood vessels
  • all visceral smooth muscular coats
  • serosal linings of all body cavities
  • ducts and organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
  • most of the cardiovascular systems
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11
Q

the parts of the trunk formed by the Embryonic Mesoderm?

A

all connective tissue, including cartilage, bones, tendons, ligaments, dermis, and stroma (connective tissue) of internal organs

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12
Q

the thick band of epiblast cells that converge caudally in the midline of the disc on/around the 15th day?

A

the primitive streak, which has a caudal and cranial end.

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13
Q

what is the thickened round area at the cranial end of the bilaminar disc?

A

Primitive Node

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14
Q

The narrow grrove that runs down the primitive streak?

A

Primitive Groove

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15
Q

At the end of the Primitive Groove in the Primitive node is the?

A

Primitive Pit

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16
Q

the appearance of the primitive streak divides the embryo into what directions/part?

A
  • Cranial part

- Caudal part

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17
Q

Epiblast cells migrate through the primitive streak, moving into the layer between the ________ and ________.

A

epiblast and hypoblast

this displaces the hypoblast

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18
Q

during the migration of epiblast cells, the cells from the deep epiblast area form?

A

mesenchyme

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19
Q

part of the mesenchyme becomes which embryonic layer?

A

the middle layer

Embryonic Mesoderm

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20
Q

the epiblast cells displaced the hypoblasts to form what layer?

A

the endoderm

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21
Q

the ectoderm is formed from the remaining _______ cells?

A

remaining epiblast cells

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22
Q

what is a Sacrococcygeal Teratoma?

A
  • remaining remnants of the primitive streak
  • Gives rise to a tumor
  • most common tumor in newborns
  • pluripotent cells
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23
Q

on the 22-24 day the notochord detahes from the endoderm and retreats into the?

A

mesoderm

this process changes the notochord into a chord with a canal

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24
Q

the Body Mesoderm extends over all of the germ dics except in what two areas?

A

Porchordal (prechordal) plate- cranial end

Cloacal Plate-Caudal plate

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25
Q

the Cloacal plate is at the caudal end of the embryo and forms the?

A

primitive anus

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26
Q

the cloacal membrane/plate disintegrates in the 7th week to form the openings of the?

A

anus
urinary
genital tracts

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27
Q

the functions of the notochord?

A
  • support of growing embryo
  • induction of a neural plate
  • disappears when vertebrae forms
  • small portion persists- nucleus pulposus
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28
Q

what is vasculogensis?

A

formation of vascular channels

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29
Q

what is angiogenesis?

A

formation of vessels

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30
Q

what genes regulate intrauterine growth?

A

H19
IGF2
IGF2r
MASH2

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31
Q

methylation of DNA plays a role in the __________ and ___________ of endogenous genes?

A

imprinting and expression

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32
Q

which genes regulate the cells of the epiblast to cause involution into the primitive streak and placement between the epiblast and the hypoblast layer.

A

zygotic genes

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33
Q

the organizer of the embryo?

A

primitive node

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34
Q

factors such as B-catenin and members of the transforming growth factor, from the maternal effect genes induce the epiblast to form the?

A

primitive streak

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35
Q

what defines the left and right side of the embryo?

A

the primitive streak

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36
Q

which genes play a role in development of handed asymmetry?

A

nodal genes

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37
Q

cell lineage studies have shown epiblast cells to be?

A

pluripotent

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38
Q

pluripotent can develop into?

A

almost any cell type of the embryo

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39
Q

what is the support system of the developing embryo?

A

Notochord

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40
Q

what is the primary inducer of the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate?

A

The Notochord

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41
Q

the notochord is the primordial axis of the embryo around which the _______ _________ forms

A

axial skeleton

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42
Q

the process of conversion of the neural plate from a neural tube happens in what week?

A

the fourth week

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43
Q

the process of converting the neural plate to the neural tube starts with folding, which is called?

A

neurulation, it creases ventrally along its mid-line and develops a neural groove.

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44
Q

when the neural folds curl and become concave and the edges of the folds meet and fuse. this forms?

A

a neural canal

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45
Q

the edges of the neural folds make contact on the ___ day of development?

A

22nd day

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46
Q

the newly formed neural canal communicates with the amniotic cavity through large opening called?

A

cranial and caudal neurophores

these neurophores close by the 26th day

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47
Q

the neural tube differentiates into?

A

brain and spinal cord

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48
Q

neural crest cells differentiate into?

A

sensory ganglia
medulla of the adrenal glands
pigment cells of the body

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49
Q

the ganglia of what cranial nerves are partly derived from the neural crest cells?

A

V, VII, IX, X

it also forms the neurolemma sheaths of the peripheral nerves

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50
Q

interruption of the neural tube closure is the underlying cause of?

A

spinal bifida and anencephaly

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51
Q

abnormalities of the neural tube closure affect the development of?

A

nervous system
vertebral arch
cranial vault

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52
Q

on each side of the notochord, thickened areas become the?

A

paraaxial mesoderm

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53
Q

the lateral area on each side of a notochord becomes the?

A

lateral mesoderm

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54
Q

the mesoderm layer between two areas of mesoderm?

A

intermediate mesoderm

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55
Q

the main ectoderm layer gives rise to?

A 
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
sensory epithelia of the ears,eyes, and nose
epidermis and appendages (hair and nails)
mammary glands
pituitary glands
subcutaneous glands
enamel of teeth
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56
Q

the main mesoderm layer gives rise to?

A 
connective tissue
cartilage
bone
striated and smooth muscles
heart,blood, and lymphatic vessels
kidneys
ovaries, testes, genital ducts
serous membrane lining the body cavities
spleen and cortex of the suprarenal glands
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57
Q

the main endoderm layer gives rise to?

A
  • epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts
  • parenchyma of the tonsils
  • thyroid and parathyroid glands, thymus, liver and pancreas, epithelial lining of the urinary bladder and most of the urethra
  • epithelial lining of the tympanic antrum and pharyngotympanic tube
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58
Q

the paraxial mesoderm breaks up into bea dshaped blocks called?

A

somites
42-44 pairs are formed
they are loacted on the sides of the neural tube

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59
Q

the 42-44 somites are distributed into what six groups and distributed how?

A
  • occipital 4 pairs
  • cervical 8 pairs
  • thoracic 12 pairs
  • lumbar 5 pairs
  • sacral 5 pairs
  • coccygeal 8-10 pairs
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60
Q

what are somites?

A

segemented mesodermal tissue along the neural tube, which gives rise to vertebral column, voluntary muscle, connective tissue, skin.

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61
Q

when the cells of each germ layer divides, the migrate and differentiate to form various organ systems. this is known as?

A

organogenesis

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62
Q

ectodermal derivatives include?

A 
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system
sensory epithelium
epidermis and derivities
pituitary
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63
Q

the ectorderm breaks into two sections called the?

A

body ectoderm and neuroectoderm

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64
Q

the neuroectoderm breaks into two sections called the?

A

neural crest cells and the neural tube

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65
Q

the neural tube gives rise to?

A

brain and spinal cord

cns and pns

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66
Q

the neural crest cells become the?

A

sensory ganglia
medulla of adrenal gland
pigment cells of the body
neurilemma of the PNS

67
Q

the mesoderm breaks into what two sections?

A

Body mesoderm

Chorda Mesoderrm

68
Q

the Chorda mesoderm becomes the?

A

Notochord

69
Q

the Body mesoderm breaks into what three sections?

A

paraxial
intermediate
lateral

70
Q

the paraxial becomes the?

A

somites (21st day- 5th week)

71
Q

the intermediate mesoderm becomes the?

A

urinary system (7th- 28th week)

72
Q

the lateral mesoderm becomes the?

A

splanchnic and somatic

73
Q

the splanchnic gives rise to the?

A 
blood and blood vessels
heart
lymphatic
cardiac and visceral muscles
adrenal cortex
74
Q

the somatic gives rise to the?

A

skull and muscles of the head

75
Q

the intermediate mesoderm differentiates in two ways?

A

segemental in the cervical and thoracic regions

caudally remians non-segmental

76
Q

the urogenital system (gonads, ducts, glands) is formed by which part of the mesoderm?

A

lateral mesoderm

77
Q

the lateral mesoderm is an extensive sheet of mesoderm with two layers separated by a space. what is the space called?

A

Coelom

78
Q

the somatic layer of the lateral mesoderm is located next to which Main layer of the disc?

A

Ectoderm

79
Q

the splanchnic layer of the lateral mesoderm is located next to what main layer of the disc?

A

Endoderm

80
Q

some derivatives of the lateral mesoderm?

A

blood and blood vessels
heart and lymph vessels
cardiac and visceral muscles
adrenal cortex

81
Q

some derivatives of the endoderm layer?

A

respiratory system

digestive system

82
Q

some derivatives of the endoderm?

A

epithelia of digestive tract
respiratory tract
liver and pancreas
thyroid and parathyroid

83
Q

the surface ectoderm gives rise to?

A 
epidermis
hair
nails
mammary glands
lens
anterior pituitary
84
Q

the somites give rise to?

A

myotome
sclerotome
dermatome

85
Q

noticeable changes in the fifth week of development?

A

enlargement of the head
brain growth
facial growth

86
Q

noticeable changes in the eighth week of development?

A 
digits of hands separate
all regions of limbs are apparent
limb movements
large head region
distinctive human characteristics 
caudal eminence disappears
87
Q

what is perinatology?

A

the study of the fetus and newborn as patient.

from 22 weeks after fertilization to 4 weeks after birth

88
Q

study concerned with the fetus is called?

A

fetology

89
Q

the sampling of amniotic fluid by inserting a hollow needle into mother’s abdominal and uterine wall is called?

A

amniocentesis

90
Q

how much fluid is withdrawn during amniocentesis and what is its purpose?

A

15-30 milliliters is withdrawn and its purpose is to detect abnormalities

91
Q

some indications that an amniocentesis should be performed?

A

late maternal age (38 years and up)
previous births with chromosomal abnormalities
carrier of an inborn metabolic disorder
family history of defects related to development

92
Q

accurate measurements of the biparietal diameter of the fetal skull is done with what? and what does it determine?

A

ultrasound and it determines fetal age

93
Q

the first of the three ultrasounds during a normal pregnancy occurs when and what does it tell?

A

7-8th week
confirms pregnancy
look for ectopic

94
Q

the second of the three ultrasounds occurs when and tells what?

A

18-20th weeks
look for congenital malformations
multiple pregnancy
position of placenta

95
Q

the third of the three ultrasounds occurs when and tells what?

A

34th week
fetal size
growth
position

96
Q

when is the crown rump length measured with ultrasound?

A

7-8 weeks

97
Q

when is the fetal length measured with ultrasound?

A

13-14 weeks

98
Q

when is the biparietal diameter of the skull measured with ultrasound?

A

13-14 weeks

99
Q

when fiberoptics are used to scan the entire fetus, by injecting a radiopaque substance to outline the fetus in the amniotic cavity?

A

fetoscopy

the substance is absorbed by the vernix caseosa

100
Q

the risks of fetoscopy?

A

higher risk factors
5-6% of fetal death and spontaneous abortions
radiation-exposure thyroid abnormalities

101
Q

when a biopsy of the chorionic villi (mosty trophoblast) may be obtained by inserting a needle into the abdominal and uterine wall, it is called?

A

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

102
Q

the advantages of CVS?

A

it allows the results of chromosomal analysis weeks earlier than amniocentesis

103
Q

location and characteristics of fetal sex cells?

A

sex chromatin in the nucleus of the cell
retrieved from amniotic fluid
found in normal female cells
buccal smear

104
Q

what is the glycoprotein synthesized in the fetal liver, yolk sac and gut, that peaks around the 14th week?

A

Alpha Fetoprotein

105
Q

increased AFP and fetal anomalies, sign and symptoms?

A 
higher in multiple gestation
fetal death
neural tube defects
fetal bleeding
turners syndrome
106
Q

Decreased AFP can determine?

A

maternal serum is low when fetus has Trisomy 21 and is coupled with increase in HCG

107
Q

at 20 weeks, fetal blood samples are obtained from the umbilical vessels to diagnose?

A

severe fetal anomalies (Trisomy 13)

108
Q

the maternal uterine tissue and lacunae helping in the formation of the placenta, also the base where the placenta is attached?

A

Decidua Basalis

109
Q

The villi associated with the decidua Basalis grow rapidly and branch to become?

A

Cotyledon

110
Q

the Cotyledon attaches to decidua Basalis and lacunae which becomes filled with?

A

maternal blood

111
Q

the uterine endometrium covering the blastocyst at the aembryonic end?

A

Decidua Capularis

112
Q

the Uterine endometrium opposite to the sides of implantation?

A

Decidua Parietalis

113
Q

the amniotic sac (cavity) grows faster than smooth chorionic membrane and they fuse to form?

A

amniochorionic membrane

this is the membrane that ruptures during labor

114
Q

weight and characteristics of the placenta?

A

weights one seventh the weight of the fetus
Discoid shape
15-20 cm - 3 cm thick

115
Q

maternal blood enters into the decidua basalis by the?

A

spiral endometrial arteries

drained by the endometrial veins

116
Q

in fetal circulation deoxygenated blood is brought to the placenta by the?

A

umbilical arteries
these arteries form an Arterio-Capillary-Venous network in the villi.
the lungs are bypassed

117
Q

small amounts of fetal blood may pass into maternal blood via small tears in the placenta?

A

hemolytic disease

118
Q

oxygenated blood passes into fetus through the?

A

umbilical vein

119
Q

the rate of flow in the placenta is relatively?

A

high

120
Q

the integrity of the fetal development is dependent upon the adequate bathing of the villi by the ?

A

maternal blood

121
Q

decrease in oxygen due to acute reduction in the maternal blood flow?

A

fetal hypoxia
can cause death
maternal smoking can cause this

122
Q

the four layers of the placenta membrane?

A

synthrophoblast
cytotrophoblast
connective tissue layer
endothelium of fetal capillaries

123
Q

the three functions of the placenta?

A

metabolic
transfer
synthesis

124
Q

describe the metabolic function of the placenta?

A

involved in the synthesis of
glycogen
cholesterol
source of energy and nutrient for the fetus

125
Q

materials are transported across the placental membranes by four methods?

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
pinocytosis

126
Q

what is simple diffusion?

A

movement of molecules by their own energy during diffusion

127
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

diffusion across a cell membrane in which the molecules to be transported form complexes with specific carriers

128
Q

what is active transport?

A

plasma membrane moves molecules against diffusion pressure

energy is needed

129
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

the passage of large molecules through the plasma membrane.

130
Q

the formation of fluid filled vacuoles at the surface of the cell?

A

pinocytosis

131
Q

Amniotic Fluid Functions?

A 
Fetal movement
proportionate growth
prevents adherence
cushions the fetus
supplies nutrients
consistent body temp
helps lubricate and dilate the cervix during birth
132
Q

abnormal amniotic fluid

A

oligohydramnios -400 ml or less

133
Q

causes of abnormal amniotic fluid?

A

amniotic fluid leakage
bilateral renal agenesis
polycycstic kidneys
urethral obstruction

134
Q

2000 ml or more of amniotic fluid

A

polyhydraminos

135
Q

causes of polyhydraminos?

A

esophageal or intestinal atresia

esophageotracheal fistula

136
Q

Umbilical Cord characteristics

A

1-2cm diameter

50-60 cm length

137
Q

the contents of the umbilical cord?

A

one vein, two arteries

138
Q

blood vessels form in the wall of the yolk sac and allantois during the __ and ___ week.

A

3rd and 5th

both disappear by 3.5 months of development

139
Q

the yolk sac is known as?

A

the primary umbilical vesicle

140
Q

primordial germ cells develop in ____ ____ and migrate to genital ridges in embryo.
becomes the vitelline vessels

A

yolk sac

141
Q

what vessels become part of the umbilical vessels?

A

alantois

142
Q

what becomes the median umbilical ligament in adults?

A

alantois

143
Q

Urachus means?

A

fetus

144
Q

the intraembryonic coelom forms what 3 major cavities?

A

pericardial
pleural
peritoneal

145
Q

the body cavity is partitioned inferiorly by the?

A

diaphragm

146
Q

the body cavity is superiorly partitioned by the?

A

pleuropericardial fold between the heart and lungs

147
Q

each somite divides into what two parts?

A

Dermomyotome
-dermatome
-myotome
Sclerotome

148
Q

from the ventromedial part of the somite, the development of the skeleton forms. this is known as ?

A

the Sclerotome

149
Q

mesodermal cells give rise to?

A

mesenchyme

150
Q

what is mesenchyme?

A

a meshwork of loosely organized embryonic connective tissue

151
Q

condensation of mesenchyme will give rise to the formation of?

A

bone models

152
Q

the mesenchyme develops from three other areas?

A

somite mesoderm
lateral mesoderm
paraxial mesoderm

153
Q

cartilage is derived from?

A

mesenchyme

154
Q

areas where cartilage is to form, mesenchyme condenses and forms?

A

chondrification centers

155
Q

what do chondroblasts do?

A

deposit collagenous fibrils and matrix

156
Q

during the 5th week, mesenchyme cells proliferate, enlarge and become round then they are called?

A

chondroblasts

157
Q

the most common cartilage that makes up most of the embryonic skeleton?

A

Hyaline cartilage

158
Q

what are the two types of bones?

A

membrane bones

cartilage bones

159
Q

what do membrane bones make up?

A

the face and cranial roof

develop from skeletal mesenchyme

160
Q

what does cartilage bones do?

A

replace provisional cartilage

and make up the remaining bones of the body

161
Q

what is osteoid tissue?

A

a soft preosseous tissue

made up of fibrils

162
Q

the osteoid tissue becomes impregnated with?

A

calcium salts

163
Q

osteoblats that are trapped when the bony matrix is layed down becomes?

A

osteocytes

Embryology (9 decks)

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