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BIOL205 > Exam 3 Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Like nervous tissue, muscles are excitable or “irritable”, what does this mean?

A

They have the ability to respond to a stimulus

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2
Q

Unlike nerves, muscles have three distinct characteristics, what are they?

A
  1. Contractible (they can shorten in length)
  2. Extensible (they can extend or stretch)
  3. Elastic (they can return to their original shape)
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3
Q

What are the five main function of muscle?

A
  1. Create motion – (with nerves, bones, and joints)
  2. Stabilize body positions and maintain posture
  3. Store substances within the body using sphincters
  4. Move substances by peristaltic contractions
  5. Generate heat through thermogenesis
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4
Q

What sphincters are important to our muscle tissue network?

A

anal, urethral, cardiac, pyloric, ileocecal

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5
Q

How do muscles create heat?

A

movement needs ATP; we lose energy as heat when we use ATP; that heat warms our water

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6
Q

Describe the organization of whole muscles.

A

Whole muscles are attached to bone by tendons; each muscle is organized into bundles called fascicles; each fascicle is a collection of muscle fibers (or muscle cells); each muscle fiber (or muscle cell) is broken down into myofibrils.

Muscle > Fascicle > Muscle Fiber > Myofibril

*Muscle fiber and muscle cell can be used interchangeably

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7
Q

Many large muscle groups are encased in both a _____ and a _____ fascia.

A

superficial; deep

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8
Q

What are some areas of the body covered in deep fascia?

A

abs; traps; forearms; tibialis anterior

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9
Q

______, _____, and _____ are located in the deep fascia between muscles of the thigh.

A

Veins, Arteries, Nerves

Veins, arteries, and nerves are located in the deep fascia between muscles of the thigh.

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10
Q

What are the seven primary components of skeletal muscle fiber?

A
  1. Triad
  2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  3. Sarcomere
  4. Sarcolemma
  5. Sarcoplasm
  6. Myofibril
  7. T-tubules
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11
Q

What is the sarcolemma of muscle fiber?

A

plasma membrane

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12
Q

What is the sarcoplasm of muscle fiber?

A

Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers; it is full of contractile proteins arranged in myofibrils

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13
Q

What kind of muscular tissue can be subconciously controlled to some extent?

A

skeletal

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14
Q

What kind of muscular tissue is striated with multi-nucleated (eccentric) fibers parallel?

A

skeletal

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15
Q

What kind of muscular tissue has no striations and one central nucleus?

A

visceral (smooth)

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16
Q

What kind of muscular tissue is striated with one central nucleus?

A

cardiac

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17
Q

Which two muscular tissues have involuntary control?

A

visceral (smooth), cardiac

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18
Q

What is the general location of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

skeleton

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19
Q

What is the general location of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

heart

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20
Q

What is the general location of visceral (smooth) muscle tissue?

A

G.I. tract, uterus, eye, blood vessels

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21
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Basic functional unit of skeletal muscle;

An arrangement of thick and thin filaments sandwiched between two Z discs

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22
Q

Myofibrils are built from three groups of proteins; what are they?

A

Contractile proteins
Regulatory proteins
Structural proteins

23
Q

What do regulatory proteins do?

A

help switch the contraction process on and off

24
Q

What do structural proteins do?

A

keep the thick and thin filaments in proper alignment and link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix

25
Q

What do contractile proteins do?

A

generate force during contraction

26
Q

The thin filaments found within muscle are made of what contractile protein?

A

actin

27
Q

The thick filaments found within muscle are made of what contractile protein?

A

myosin

28
Q

What is the largest known protein?

A

Titin (titan); provides elasticity of sarcomere (structural protein)

29
Q

In the thin filaments actin proteins are strung together like a ______

A

band of pearls

30
Q

In the thick filaments myosin proteins are strung together like ______

A

golf clubs

31
Q

What are four characteristics of red muscle fibers (as compared to white)?

A
  1. high myoglobin content
  2. more mitochondria
  3. more energy stores
  4. greater blood supply
32
Q

What are three characteristics of white muscle fibers (as compared to red)?

A
  1. less myoglobin
  2. less mitochondria
  3. less blood supply
33
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

movement, heat, posture

34
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

pump blood continuously

35
Q

What is the function of visceral (smooth) muscle tissue?

A

Peristalsis, blood pressure, pupil size, erects hairs

36
Q

Skeletal muscles are some of the longest cells in the body, which muscle has the longest single fibers?

A

Sartorius (~30 cm)

37
Q

Outer connective tissue sometimes becomes thicker, forming ____

A

fascia

38
Q

What are characteristics of exercise induced muscle damage?

A
  • Torn sarcolemmas, damaged myofibrils, disrupted Z-discs
  • Increased myoglobin and creatine kinase in blood
  • DOMS: delayed onset muscle soreness
39
Q

What is plantar fasciitis?

A
  • Inflammation of plantar fascia
  • Improper shoes, excess weight, poor biomechanics
  • Ice, heat, stretching, shoe inserts, steroid injections
40
Q

What are the characteristics of intramuscular injections?

A
  • Prompt absorption (good blood supply)
  • Given when larger doses are needed or med is irritating subcutaneously.
  • Faster than oral meds; slower than IV
41
Q

Why does rigor mortis occur?

A
  • Ca2+ leaks from SR causing myosin to bind actin
  • ATP production stops; myosin can’t unbind
  • Lasts until enzymes in lysosomes digest the proteins.
42
Q

About half the fibers in a typical skeletal muscle are slow oxidative (SO) fibers.
True or False?

A

True

43
Q

Most skeletal muscles are a mixture of all three types of skeletal muscle fibers.
True or False?

A

True

44
Q

The different motor units in a muscle are recruited in a specific order depending on the task being performed.
True or False?

A

True

45
Q

In one motor unit all the skeletal muscle fibers are the same type.
True or False?

A

True

46
Q

What is the triad made up of?

A

2x terminal cisterns and T-tubule together

47
Q

what is the functional unit of the muscle cell?

A

sarcomere

48
Q

where does muscle contraction actually occur?

A

sarcomere

49
Q

What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  • slow oxidative fiber
  • fast glycolytic fiber
  • fast oxidative-glycolytic fiber
50
Q

How much ATP produced for each molecule of glucose?

A

36

51
Q

Which mechanism end neural transmission at the neuromuscular junction?

A
  1. ACh diffuses away from the synaptic cleft.

2. ACh is broken down into acetic acid and choline by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

52
Q

What must happen for the movement of the thin filament toward the M line (the center of the sarcomere)?

A

The myosin head binds to the active site on actin and pivots toward the M line.

53
Q

What powers the contraction of a muscle cell?

A

ATP

BIOL205 (9 decks)

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