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BIOL205 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three fundamental steps completed by everything in the nervous system?

A
  1. A sensory function detects internal and external stimuli. (receptors) PNS
  2. An interpretation is made (analysis). CNS PNS
  3. A motor response occurs (effectors).
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2
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

-The nervous system detects environmental changes -responds to such events along with endocrine system -responsible for all our behaviors, memories, and movement *It is able to do this because of the excitable characteristic of nervous tissue -Its ability to generate nerve impulses (action potentials)

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3
Q

What are the two parts of your nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

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4
Q

What does the CNS (central nervous system) consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What does the PNS (peripheral nervous system) consist of?

A

consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS -Nerves -Ganglia -sensory receptors

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6
Q

what is a synaptic cleft?

A

gap between the pre and post synaptic cells

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7
Q

what are dendrites?

A

-(little trees) are the receiving end of the neuron -short, highly branched structures that conduct impulses toward the cell body

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8
Q

what are the functions of neurons?

A

-gather information at dendrites -process it in the dendritic tree and cell body -transmit the information down their axon to the axon terminals

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9
Q

what are synaptic vesicles?

A

membrane sacs that store packets of neurotransmitter chemicals

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10
Q

many neurons contain ____ or ____ types of neurotransmitters?

A

two or three

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11
Q

each neuron has different effects on the ___________ cell

A

postsynaptic

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12
Q

a neuron usually has one neurotransmitter, but can have more than one? T/F?

A

true

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13
Q

what are the four components of most neurons?

A

-Dendrites -A cell body -An axon -Axon terminals

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14
Q

what are the function of astrocytes?

A

-provide physical support to neurons -maintain the blood-brain barrier -make scar tissue after CNS injury

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15
Q

what is the function of Oligodendrocytes?

A

produce myelin in CNS

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16
Q

what is the function of Microglia?

A

phagocytosis of debris and pathogens

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17
Q

what is the function of Ependymal cells?

A

form and circulate CSF

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18
Q

what are neuroglia?

A

-(glial cells) play a major role in support and nutrition of neurons -they do not generate or conduct nerve impulses

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19
Q

what are glial cells?

A

-(neuroglia) play a major role in support and nutrition of neurons -they do not generate or conduct nerve impulses

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20
Q

do glial cells generate nerve impulses?

A

no

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21
Q

what is a synapse?

A

site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and another effector cell

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22
Q

what does the axon divide into?

A

-The axon divides into many fine processes called telodendria. -may be highly branched as they interact with the dendrites of “downstream” neurons -the tips swell into bulb-shaped synaptic/axon terminals.

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23
Q

what is telodendria?

A

-The axon divides into many fine processes called telodendria. -may be highly branched as they interact with the dendrites of “downstream” neurons -the tips swell into bulb-shaped synaptic/axon terminals.

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24
Q

what is an axon?

A

conduct impulses away from the cell body toward another neuron or effector cell

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25
Q

what is an axon hillock?

A

where the axon joins the cell body

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26
Q

what is an initial segment?

A

where an action potential begins; just distal to hillock

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27
Q

what is an axoplasm?

A

cytoplasm of the axon

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28
Q

what is an axolemma?

A

plasma membrane of the axon

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29
Q

what are the two types of glial cells in the peripheral nervous system?

A

satellite, Schwann

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30
Q

what do satellite cells do in the PNS?

A

provide physical, chemical support

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31
Q

what do schwann cells do in the PNS?

A

surround axons; myelin

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32
Q

what is myelination?

A

process of forming a myelin sheath which insulates and increases nerve impulse speed

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33
Q

what is responsible for myelination in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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34
Q

what is responsible for myelination in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocyte

35
Q

what are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

gaps in the myelin sheath

36
Q

the peripheral nervous sytstem is divided into two systems, what are they?

A

-somatic nervous system (SNS) -autonomic nervous system (ANS)

37
Q

what does the somatic nervous system (SNS) consist of and do?

A

-Sensory and motor neurons -Conscious control over motor neurons

38
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) consist of and do?

A

-Sensory and motor neurons -No conscious control

39
Q

There are three types of neurons in the SNS. What are they?

A

-Somatic sensory (afferent) neurons: convey information from sensory receptors in the head, body wall and limbs towards the CNS -Somatic motor (efferent) neurons: conduct impulses away from the CNS to the skeletal muscles under voluntary control -Interneurons: any neurons that conduct impulses between afferent and efferent neurons within the CNS

40
Q

There are three types of neurons in the ANS. What are they?

A

-Sensory neurons: convey information from sensory receptors located in visceral organs like the stomach or lungs to the CNS (afferent) -Motor neurons: under involuntary control (efferent) conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose -Interneurons/association neurons are mainly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons.

41
Q

Motor neurons in the Autonomic Nervous System are divided into two portions. What are they?

A

-the sympathetic division -the parasympathetic division

42
Q

Name these four areas of a neuron:

A
43
Q

where is the axon terminal located?

A
44
Q

where are the dendritic spines located?

A
45
Q

where is the axoplasm located?

A
46
Q

where is the initial segment located?

A
47
Q

what do neurons connect with?

A
  • other neurons
  • skeletal muscle fibers
  • gland cells
48
Q

what is a graded potential?

A
  • short term changes that happen in specific spots
  • temporary, localized change in membrane potential
49
Q

what is an action potential?

A

electrical event that travels over long distances within the body

50
Q

where is the synaptic activity located?

A
51
Q

where is the graded potential located?

A
52
Q

where is the resting potential located?

A
53
Q

how many types of active gated channels are there?

A

3

54
Q

where is the information processing located?

A
55
Q

when ion channels open they allow specific ions to move across the plasma memnrane, down their _______.

A

electrochemical gradient

56
Q

what is a chemically gated (ligand) channel?

A
  • respond to a neurotransmitter
  • mainly at the dendrites
57
Q

what is a voltage gated channel?

A
  • respond to changes in the membrane potential
  • mainly located along the axon
58
Q

what is a mechanically gated channel?

A
  • respond to mechanical deformation

(applying pressure to a receptor)

59
Q

do leakage channels close?

A

no

60
Q

what is integration?

A

the process of combining all excitatory and inhibitory inputs and responding accordingly.

61
Q

what is located at part 1 of this picture?

A

chemically gated ion channels

62
Q

what is located at part 2 of this picture?

A

voltage gated Na+ channels

voltage gated K+ channels

63
Q

what is located at part 3 of this picture?

A

voltage gated Ca2+ channels

64
Q

when we talk about the resting membrane potential being negative, we are talking about the negatives located where?

A

on the inside

*The negative sign indicates that the inside of the cell is negative relative to the outside of the cell

65
Q

A cell that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be _______.

A

polarizing

66
Q

In neurons, a typical value for the RMP is_______

A

–70 mV

67
Q

From the RMP, graded potentials must first be produced in order to ___________.

A

depolarize the cell to threshold

68
Q

what is the depolarizing graded potential?

A

causes cell to be more positively charged

69
Q

what is a hyperpolarizing graded potential?

A

causes cell to be more negatively charged

70
Q

graded potentials occur mainly in the dendrites and the cell body of a neuron. do they travel down the axon?

A

no

71
Q

what are three specific factors that cause RMP?

A
  • leakage channels
  • negatively charged proteins in the cytosol
  • sodium-potassium
72
Q

If left unchecked, inward leakage of Na+ would eventually do what to the resting membrane potential?

A

inward leakage of Na+ would eventually destroy the RMP

73
Q

what are some of the important mechanics of a graded potential?

A
  • Chemically gated channels
  • Responding to a neurotransmitter
  • Result in a change in membrane potential
  • Can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
74
Q

what is an action potential?

A
  • a signal which travels the length of the neuron.
  • the membrane potential reverses and then eventually is restored to its resting state
75
Q

what is a threshold?

A
  • the voltage at which an action potential will be generated
  • If the sum of the graded potentials reaches threshold, an AP will be produced.
76
Q

what is shown in this image?

A

graded potential arrives → threshold reached

77
Q

what is shown in this picture?

A

Voltage-gated sodium channels open → depolarization

78
Q

what is shown in this image?

A

Depolarization complete → sodium channels inactivated → potassium channels open → repolarization starts

79
Q

what is shown in this image?

A

Potassium channels close

Slight hyperpolarization → return to resting potential

80
Q

Why are neurons that are lost to injury or disease seldom replaced?

A

They lack centrioles

81
Q

Which glial cells are found only in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

82
Q

Which nervous system component controls skeletal muscle contractions?

A

somatic nervous system

83
Q
A

BIOL205 (9 decks)

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