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BIOL205 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main parts of human cells?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. nucleus
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2
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms the cells outer boundary; separates the cells internal environment from the outside environment; has a selectively permeable barrier; plays a role in cellular communication

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3
Q

what kind of permeability does the plasma membrane have?

A

selective permeability

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; the cytosol is the fluid portion and is made up of mostly water; organelles are structures embedded in the cytosol

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5
Q

what kind of structures can be found embedded in the cytosol?

A

organelles

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6
Q

nucleus

A

large organelle that contains DNA in molecules called chromosomes (think of it like the brain of the cell)

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7
Q

how many different types of cells are there?

A

200

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8
Q

how many cells does the average adult have?

A

100 trillion

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9
Q

what are four functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. covers and protects the cell
  2. controls what goes in and comes out
  3. links to other cells
  4. flies certain flags to tell other cells who it is
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10
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model?

A

a sea of lipids with proteins floating and attached; its proteins are constantly changing with DNA expression

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11
Q

what makes up the structure of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. phospholipids
  2. integral proteins (to include transmembrane proteins)
  3. peripheral proteins
  4. glycoproteins
  5. glycolipids
  6. cholesterol
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12
Q

what are examples of different membrane proteins?

A
  1. channels
  2. carriers
  3. receptors
  4. enzymes
  5. anchoring proteins
  6. recognition proteins
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13
Q

phospholipids

A

form a lipid bilayers - cholesterol and glycolipids also contribute

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14
Q

integral proteins

A

extend into or through the bilayer

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15
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

span the entire lipid bilayer; most integral proteins are also transmembrane proteins

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16
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attach to the inner or outer surface but do not extend through the membrane

17
Q

glycoproteins

A

membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrude into the extracellular fluid

18
Q

glycolipids

A

lipids with attached carbohydrate

19
Q

what does cholesterol do for the plasma membrane?

A

provides strength and structure

20
Q

What is the function of channel membrane proteins?

A

allows specific ions to pass through water filled pores

21
Q

what is the function of carrier membrane proteins?

A

carries specific substances across membranes by changing shape

22
Q

what is the function of receptor membrane proteins?

A

recognize specific ligand and alters cell functions in some way

23
Q

what is the function of enzyme membrane proteins?

A

catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell

24
Q

what is the function of anchoring proteins?

A

anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane providing structural stability and shape for the cell

25
Q

what is the function of recognition proteins?

A

distinguishes your cells from anyone else

26
Q

what are three types of permeability?

A
  1. selectively permeable
  2. impermeable
  3. freely permeable
27
Q

what is (the definition of) a passive transport process?

A

a passive process involves substances moving across the cell membranes without the input of any energy; they are said to move “with” or “down” their concentration gradient

28
Q

what is (the definition of) an active transport process?

A

an active process involves the use of energy, primarily from the breakdown of ATP, to move a substance against its gradient

29
Q

diffusion

A

diffusion is the passive spread of particles through random motion, from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

30
Q

what factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  1. the amount of substance and the steepness of the concentration gradient
  2. temperature
  3. diffusion distance
  4. electrical forces
31
Q

osmosis

A

the net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to one of lower water concentration

32
Q

what are two ways that water can pass through a plasma membrane?

A
  1. through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion

2. through a channel protein

33
Q

vesicle

A

small spherical sac formed by bidding off a membrane

34
Q

endocytosis

A

when materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

35
Q

exocytosis

A

when vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid

36
Q

what are the three types of endocytosis?

A
  1. receptor-mediated endocytosis
  2. phagocytosis
  3. pinocytosis

BIOL205 (9 decks)

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