Chapter 4

Question 1

what are the four types of tissues?

Answer 1

1. epithelial tissues 2. connective tissues 3. muscular tissues 4. nervous tissues (neural tissues)

Question 2

intercellular junctions

Answer 2

intercellular junctions connect adjacent cells mechanically at the cell membranes or through cytoskeletal elements within and between cells

Question 3

tight junctions

Answer 3

found where a leakproof seal is needed between cells; they keep molecules from leaking out of organs like the stomach and bladder

Question 4

adhesion belt

Answer 4

makes a band that strengthens apical regions of cells; also help prevent leakage; adhesion proteins attach to microfilaments within the cell ex. digestive tract

Question 5

desmosomes

Answer 5

act as “spot welds”; attach two cells together by hooking cytoskeletons; provide very firm attachments; prevent cells from coming apart during twisting and stretching ex. epidermis

Question 6

hemidesmosomes

Answer 6

half-welds that join cells to the basement membrane

Question 7

gap junctions

Answer 7

pores that allow small substances like ions to pass between cells ex. cardiac muscle cells

Question 8

what is the function of epithelial tissues?

Answer 8

“cover and line”; line hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; cover organs; form glands

Question 9

what does epithelial tissue line?

Answer 9

stomach; small intestine; large intestine; rectum; anus

Question 10

what does the epithelium cover?

Answer 10

almost all organs; heart; lungs; stomach; all digestive system

Question 11

where does the basal surface rest?

Answer 11

on the basement membrane

Question 12

is epithelia vascular or avascular?

Answer 12

avascular

Question 13

endocrine glands

Answer 13

glands that secrete their contents directly into the blood

Question 14

exocrine glands

Answer 14

glands that secrete their contents into a lumen or duct

Question 15

what are examples of endocrine glands?

Answer 15

hormones; insulin from pancreas, estrogen from ovaries, pituitary hormones

Question 16

what are examples of exocrine glands?

Answer 16

mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes

Question 17

what are the functions of connective tissues?

Answer 17

1. bind tissues together 2. support and strengthen tissue 3. protect and insulate internal organs 4. compartmentalize and transport 5. energy reserves and immune responses

Question 18

what is the main protein of connective tissue?

Answer 18

collagen

Question 19

what is the most abundant protein in the body?

Answer 19

collagen

Question 20

is connective avascular or vascular?

Answer 20

vascular

Question 21

what are the common arrangements of connective tissues?

Answer 21

1. connective tissues have sparse cells 2. connective tissues are surrounded by an extracellular matrix

Question 22

what is an extracellular matrix?

Answer 22

extracellular matrix is a non-cellular material located between and around the cells; it consists of protein fibers and ground substance

Question 23

what are examples of common connective tissues?

Answer 23

1. fibroblasts 2. chondrocytes 3. adipocytes 4. osteocytes 5. white blood cells

Question 24

what are the two components of naming epithelia?

Answer 24

epithelia is named by arrangement and shape

Question 25

what are the characteristics of simple squamous epithelium?

Answer 25

• single layer of flat cells
• air sacs of lungs
• lining of blood vessels, the heart, and lymphatic vessels
• as the major part of a serous membrane

Question 26

what are the characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 26

• single layer of cube shaped cells
• lines the tubules of the kidneys and many other glands