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Psych 208 Cognitive Psychology > Exam 3 Ch 12 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Ch 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Well-defined vs. ill-defined problems: understand the difference [placeholder]

A

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2
Q

Well-defined problems

A
  • clear specific goal state
  • clear specific procedures that can lead to that goal state
  • this chapter mostly focuses on well defined problems
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3
Q

Ill-defined problems

A
  • unclear goal state… what even constitutes success?
  • unclear what procedures can or can’t be used to move toward the goal
  • many real-world problems are ill-defined. Ex: happy relationship, climate change, self actualization
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4
Q

3 Theoretical Approaches

A

Information Processing Approach - Problem-solving as mentally representing a problem and searching through problem space

Gestalt Psychology - Problem-solving as restructuring (changing our mental representation of the problem)

Analogical Approach - Problem solving as mapping representations of multiple problems onto each other

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5
Q

Information Processing Approach Parts of a problem

A
  • Initial state (where you start)
  • Intermediate spaces (between initial and goal)
  • Goal state (end state)
  • Problem space - the set of all possible states
  • operators: Which moves are allowed (legal) for moving between states
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6
Q

Why can’t we mentally represent the entire problem space

A

We can’t mentally be everywhere all at once

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7
Q

Tower of Hanoi: Why is it used as an example? [not sure about this one…]

A

To show the constraints of the mind…

  • Workin memory limits
  • Time to access LTM
  • Time to store into LTM
  • Serial processing
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8
Q

Ways of searching problem space [placeholder]

A

.

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9
Q

Algorithmic

A
  • a systematic procedure that is guaranteed to lead to the correct solution (all possibilities are considred) “brute force” (ex: try every # combination on a lock)
  • pro: guaranteed solution (complete search)
  • con: time consuming, often too many possibilties
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10
Q

Heuristic

A
  • Method of guiding search so that the solution is likely, but not guaranteed
  • pro: less cumbersome processing
  • con: no guarantee of solution
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11
Q

Hill Climbing Strategy

A

Assess current state and possible next states, choose best, and move forward

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12
Q

Working backwards

A

Constrain search by considering goal state and (given the legal operators) what possible states preceded

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13
Q

Means-ends analysis

A
  • reduce the difference between the current state and the goal state, by creating subgoals (breaks overall goal into smaller goals)
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14
Q

Trial & error [exactly what is sounds like. skip]

A

.

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15
Q

According to the Gestalt Approach, what is the main thing that prevents us from realizing a problem to a solution?

A

You start out with one mental representation about a problem, and can’t see how to solve it

This happens when mental representation is ill defined with goals, means, and problem space

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16
Q

Restructuring

A

Can change your mental representation and the solution becomes more easy to see

17
Q

Insight

A

A sudden realization (aha/lightbulb moment)

18
Q

Incubation

A

When you come up with the solution to a problem after spending some time away from it

19
Q

Challenges to problem solving [placeholder]

A

.

20
Q

Fixation (mental set)

A

We have a hard time considering multiple strategies

21
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

The tendency to use familiar objects in familar ways rather than creative ways

22
Q

Example Problems

A

9 dots (go outside of the box to connect dots with 4 lines)

Candle Wall (empty the box of thumbtacks, use the thumbtacks to nail the box to the wall, put the candle into the box, and light the candle with the match.
2 strings (swing heavy object like a pendulum to tie strings)

23
Q

Analogical [placeholder]

A

.

24
Q

The tumor problem Gick & Holyoak (1980)

A
  • With an anological story and a hint people can more easily solve problems
  • have multiple low-intensity lights focus on the tumor and destroy it

Results: 10% got the answer with no analogy, 30% with analogy, 75% with analogy and hint

People do not relate things to each other when the surface structures of problems are so different even if the deep structures are the same

25
Q

The steps for analogical problem solving: Notice, map, apply [placeholder]

A

.

26
Q

Notice

A
  • Notice the analogy (deep structure, not surface structure)
27
Q

Map source

A

problem to target problem

28
Q

Apply

A

Apply mapping to generate parallel solution in target problem

ex: fortress problem to tumor problem

29
Q

Surface Structure

A

Details that are not central to the problem (irrelevant details)

ex: surgery castle; inclined place

30
Q

Deep structure

A

The central underlying concepts (the actual meaning)

  • ex: convergin forces; conservation of energy
  • Experts can see these
31
Q

Expertise (Why experts do better than novices)

A

More knowledge

  • Know patterns, can make bigger chunks to overcome limits of working memory
  • Better organized knowledge: can see deep structures
32
Q

Curse of knowledge

A

Once you have gained expertise, it’s very difficult to remember/imagine the novice perspective

33
Q

Creativity

A

Anything made by people that is in some way novel and has potential value or utility

34
Q

Divergent Thinking

A
  • Open-ended, generates lots of possible solutions
  • new connections between existing ideas (analogies?)
35
Q

Is brainstorming better done individually or with a group?

A

Individually, other peoples’ ideas can stunt our own…Group Think

36
Q

What are some things creative people do? [placeholder]

A

.

37
Q

Daydreaming

A

Volitional daydreaming: purposeful mind wandering

38
Q

Solitude

A

Avoiding distractions; giving the mind space and time to make new connections and find meaning

39
Q

Mindfulness

A

Focused attention meditation: focus on one thing, such as the breath, and return to it when distracted

Open monitoring meditation - pay attention to whatever comes up and follow it unti the next thing (free associating)

Psych 208 Cognitive Psychology (14 decks)

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