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Psych 208 Cognitive Psychology > Ch 7 & 8 > Flashcards

Ch 7 & 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the encoding processes and the research studies of their effectiveness? (Placeholder)

A

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2
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal (Shallow Processing)

A
  • Rote repetition
  • Keeps info in STM/WM
  • Can encode into LTM, but not well
  • not thinking about meaning at all worst method of encoding
  • If not encoded well cannot retrieve it
  • Processing of physical features
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3
Q

Rote learning

A

The method rests on the premise that the recall of repeated material becomes faster the more one repeats it.

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4
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal (Deep processing)

A
  • processes meaning of info, connects to other info already in LTM
  • Focuses on the meaning of the words and relationships between concepts
  • Depth of processing promotes recall by facilitating later retrieval

– Consider learning as a way to establish indexing, a pathway to the information that you can use later

– Connecting new info to old info, or making connections amongst new pieces of info, gives you more pathways/cues for later retrieval

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5
Q

Levels of Processing Theory

A

Memory performance (retrieval) is dependent upon how well information in encoded

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6
Q

What about motivation versus encoding process/strategy?

A

Motivation does not make the performance any better. Attaching meaning to what you are studying makes a huge difference however

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7
Q

Organization (placeholder)

A

.

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8
Q

Mnemonics

A

Blueprint/structure/strategy for memorizing new list of things

Pegword Method

  • 1 is a bun, 2 is a shoe, etc…

Method of Loci (Memory Palace)

Imagine a place you know extremely well (your house) and store memories there for ex: a grocery list [this also works with semantic memories

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9
Q

Effects of Encoding Organization

A

Helps both encoding and retrieval

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10
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

A cue is like a clue

  • A stimulus in WM that can help you retrieve a target place of info from LTM

The more strongly associated the cue is to target, the more effective it will be

Everyday stimuli can sometimes be powerful cues for even very old memories

Cues you make yourself can be more powerful

  • to do notes
  • prospective memory - Remembering to do something future. Imagine something you’ll encounter as a cue ( your friend), and associate that with target information (giving them a book)
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11
Q

Encoding and Retrieval

A
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12
Q

Factors that affect encoding into LTM

A

Encoding Strategies , Mnemonics

  • imagery
  • Deep processing, meaning, organize, elaborate, relate

Testing Effect (retrieval practice)

  • the act of retrieving strengthens memory

Spacing Effect

  • distributed practice is better than massed
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13
Q

Generation Effect

A

Actively generating words improves encoding and thus later retrieval more than passively reading words

[Closely related to the Testing Effect retrieval practice]

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14
Q

The Testing Effect (Retrieval Practice)

A

Practice retrieving (not just practice encoding) is important too!

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15
Q

Self Reference Effect

A

Does this work describe you? (Deep processing, self-reference)

  • Linking stimuli to your mental representation
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16
Q

Spacing Effect

A

Distributed practice is better than mass

  • spacing out study sessions is better than mushing everything together at the same time
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17
Q

Retention Interval

A

Between the process of coding and retrieval the passage of time in between is the retention interval

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18
Q

Familiarity Effect

A

Thinking if something sounds familiar you know it (you don’t you actually need to practice retrieving the information)

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19
Q

Study Techniques

A

Generate and Test- Make your own situations in which you must retrieve the information (generation effect and testing effect)

Elaborative Rehearsal- Attach meaning to what you are studying. Have it interact with something using imagery

Match your conditions- match your retrieval process with your encoding process (transfer appropriate processing)

Organize- converting small elements into larger more meaningful ones (chunking)

Space- Space out your study times

SLEEP

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20
Q

Encoding Situation

A

At the time of retrieval, there are also internal and external aspects of experience

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21
Q

Retrieval Situation

A

Is facilitated by the extent to which the encoding situation and retrieval situation are similar

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22
Q

Encoding specificity

A

Retrieval cues are most effective to the extent that they are similar to conditions of encoding

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23
Q

Context dependence

A

Overlap of external state (e.g, location) at encoding & retrieval

  • Retrieval best when context is identical at study and test
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24
Q

State dependence

A

Overlap of internal state (mood, drugs) at encoding & retrieval

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25
Q

Transfer Appropriate Processing

A

Memory performance is dependent to the amount of overlap of cognitive processes at encoding and retrieval

  • Performance is best when type of processing was similar at encoding and retrieval
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26
Q

Scuba Diving Study (Godden & Baddeley 1975)

A

Context Dependent Memory: Location Study

27
Q

Associative Network

A

Each of a bunch of nodes is actually probably a particular pattern of a bunch of neurons firing

28
Q

Spreading Activation

A

Travels from one node to another in a network, via the associative links

29
Q

State-Dependent Memory Mood Test (Eich and Metcalfe 1989)

A

Memory is improved if the person’s internal state (mood) when retrieving information corresponds to the person’s mood when encoding

30
Q

Consolidation

A

New memories are fragile, vulnerable to distraction, interference

  • Transforms new memories from fragile state to more permanent state
  • Where/how?

– synapses: long-term potentiation

– system (network of connections) gradual reorganization of connections

– Hippocampus plays major role, probably

Two levels are hippocampus and time (sleep, relaxed wakefulness, rehearsal)

31
Q

Sleep

A

Helps to consolidate information

  • less interference
32
Q

Reconsolidation

A
  • New memories are fragile and need to be reconsolidated
  • When you retrieve and old memory it becomes fragile again. It has to be re-consolidated
  • Allows us to update memories
  • Also means memories are vulnerable to distortion
33
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

The strengthening of connections amongst neurons

34
Q

Autobiographical Memory (What is it?)

A

Memory for your own life
- episodic: your experiences
- semantic: facts about yourself

Multidimensional
- all of perception! vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell

  • spatial: a scene or arrangement in 3D space
  • thoughts
  • emotions
35
Q

Autobiographical Memory (Purpose/What is it for?)

A

Episodic memory allows us to predict the future. The fact that we can remember the past might be a bi-product if that ability to imagine the future and choose better behaviors

36
Q

Autobiographical Memory (How is it organized?)

A

Directive- Using past experiences to solve current problems

Social- Develops and maintains social bonds

Self-representative- Create and maintain a coherent self-identity

Adaptive?- Internal regulation of mood

37
Q

The experiencing self

A
  • Working memory

Life as a sequence of many moments

  • us in the moment but its gone in an instant
  • mostly lost without a trace
  • experiencing self barely has time to exist
38
Q

The remembering self

A

Long term memory

  • life is a tale of representative moments
39
Q

Emotions & Memory

A

Emotions- biologically based responses to events or situations that are seen as personally relevant

  • usually involves in physiology [e.g., heart rate], expressive behavior [e.g., smiling, screaming], and subjective experience [feeling happy, afraid, etc.]
  • Amygdala involved in encoding emotionally arousing events
  • Emotional arousal (cortisol) -> better encoding
  • Emotional stimuli -> better remembered

State Dependent Memory: retrieval is better when mood (emotion) is similar at encoding and retrieval

40
Q

Lifespan (Placeholder)

A

.

41
Q

Childhood Amnesia (Infantile Amnesia)

A

As adults we can’t really retrieve anything from our first few years of life

Our oldest memories tend to be from when we were 2-4 years old

42
Q

Aging

A

Babies remember for longer as they age

43
Q

Reminiscence Bump Theories

A

Self image

  • Identity Formation occurs in young adulthood
  • Memory is better for crucial self-defining events

Cognitive

Encoding- is best during periods of rapid change followed by stability

Cultural Life Script

  • Memory is better for events that fit into the expectations of a culture
44
Q

Normal Aging

A

Working memory goes down a bit

Vocabulary goes up your entire life

Your semantic memory goes up

45
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

your ability to learn new stuff rapidly goes down just a bit when you get older

46
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences

47
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

A type of dementia

Progressive neurodegenerative disease

  • Neurons damaged, lose connections, and die
  • Gets worse and worse
  • No cure. No effective treatments yet

Pathology

Causes- Neuron death starts in hippocampus, entorhinal cortex (interface between hippocampus and cortex). Later spreads all over the cortex

  • Amyloid plaques between neurons
  • Tau protein tangles in neurons
48
Q

Dementia

A

deterioation of memory and other cogntive functions

  • bad enough to interfere with life
  • usually gradual and inexorable

Cause: damage to brain cells

– Lewy Body, vascular (stroke), Parkinson’s, etc.

–Alzheimer’s disease (AD): most common form of dementia (60-70%)

49
Q

Involuntary Memory [Placeholder]

A

Odor & Music

50
Q

Normal aging vs dementia

A

Normal
Forgetting what you were about to say

Misplacing your glasses now and then

You are worried about your memory but your relatives are not

Dementia
Forgetting how to do a common task

Misplacing glasses frequently, perhaps even forgetting you need glasses

Your relatives are worried about your memory, but you are not aware of any problems

51
Q

Involuntary Memory

A

Smell

Flavor= taste + smell

Smell is the oldest sense

neural pathway bypasses thalamus, straight to limbic system (amygdala & hippocampus) {emotion & memory}

odor stimuli are usually close to you in space. Response is more urgent (friend, foe, food, fire?)

odors are complex and distinctive

52
Q

Music

A

Activates emotion
- Emotion can enhance memory

Music can take us back to a different time and place

  • especially the reminiscence bump period

Music activates many brain regions at once

  • can especially help when some regions have been damaged

Music has helped Alzheimer’s patients “come alive” retrieve autobiographical memories

53
Q

Source Monitoring Errors

A

When something feels familiar, but we don’t remember the source

54
Q

Illusory Truth

A

familiarity of statements increases their credibility

“Repeat a lie often enough and it becomes the truth

  • Do not expose yourself to bad sources of information
55
Q

Constructive Nature of Memory

A

Memory retrieval is an active reconstructive process. Often we are inferring what probably happened

56
Q

Schemas

A

A generalized outline or framework of typical expected scenarios (top down processing)

57
Q

Schemas

A

A generalized outline or framework of typical expected scenarios (top down processing)

58
Q

Completeness vs Accuracy

A

Completeness - how much of what happened do you remember?

Accuracy- How much of what you remember actually happen the way you remember it? Or were there errors or distortions

59
Q

The Room Study

A

Student entered a grad students room walked out into another room and had to take a recall test on what was in the room. They made false memories of there being books and didn’t really catch the skull in the room since they had a schema of what the room should be like

60
Q

Pragmatic Inference

A

We making inferences based on our knowledge of he world that helps us both encode and retrieve. We do not remember the exact wording of things but the meaning (the gist). The meaning is interpreted

  • Hungry Python test… It caught the mouse but you mind fills in the blank and says it ate it.
61
Q

DRM (Deese, Roediger, McDermott) False Memories

A

Study list of words highly related to a missing critical word

People often falsely remember the critical word

Warning people doesn’t eliminate errors

Hybrid lists [phonological & semantic associates] really bring out the error

Spreading activation can help contribute to memory errors

62
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

The way people suggest things influence our memory

63
Q

Repressed Childhood Memories (Who cares)

A

meh

64
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Strong emotional memories from a long time ago

Psych 208 Cognitive Psychology (14 decks)

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