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Psych 208 Cognitive Psychology > Ch 4 > Flashcards

Ch 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Attention

A

Ability to focus on specific objects, locations, or tasks

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2
Q

Selective Attention: Filter Metaphor (not literally a filter)

A
  • Too Much information and cannot pay attention to it all
  • Focusing one thing and ignoring the rest. Processing some information at the cost of other information
  • Filter out information we don’t want to pay attention to
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3
Q

Divided Attention

A

When we try to simultaneously attend to multiple things

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4
Q

Data

A

Measure patterns of human performance (DVs, such as: accuracy, errors, speed) as we manipulate variables (IVs)

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5
Q

Selective Attention Therories

A

Filtering occurs in the steam of info processing when

Selective attention filtering happens….

  • Early: Before information is processed for meaning (Broadbent’s bottleneck theory)
  • Intermediate: Both early and later (Treisman’s attenuation theory)
  • Late- After info processed for meaning (Mackay’s late selection theory)
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6
Q

Data

A

Test further prediction made by theories

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7
Q

Theory

A

Devise theories to explain the patterns of data

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8
Q

Theory

A

Refine/and/or replace theories based on tests

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9
Q

Dichotic Listening Task (1950)

A

Attended Side: Paying attention to

Unattended Side: Not paying attention to

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10
Q

Shadowing

A

Participants saying out loud what they are hearing

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11
Q

Results of the Unattended Side

A

Participants couldn’t recall what the content was

Sensory

Participants did notice:

  • voice vs. noise
  • male vs. female voice (low vs. high)

Semantic

Participants did not notice:

  • English vs. foreign language
  • Played backwards

Basic sensory physical characteristics are processed from both sides, but meaning is only processed from the side attended to

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12
Q

Broadbent’s Theory of Early Selection

A

Input -> Attended ear, Unattended ear, -> Sensory Processing/Memory -> Selective Filter (based on physical properties -> processing for meaning -> STM/WM ->LTM or -> Response

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13
Q

Dear Aunt Jane Study (1960)

A

Attended Side

Unattended Side

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14
Q

Dear Aunt Jane Study (1960)

A

Attended Side: This side of the ear you hear a word number word number

Unattended Side: This side you hear a number word number word

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15
Q

Dear Aunt Jane Results

A

Participants’ attention jumped back and forth between the two ears without them realizing it. This means there was some processing of the meaning on the supposedly unattended side, in contrast to the early selection model

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16
Q

Cocktail Party Effect (Moray 1959)

A

Some salient stimuli from outside our focus can still grab our attention. That means even unattended info must have been processed for meaning in contrast to the early selection model

17
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Model

A

Input -> Attended ear, Unattended ear, -> Sensory Processing/Memory -> Attenuator (a leaky filter) -> “Dictionary Unit” processes for meaning -> STM/WM -> LTM or -> Response

Dictionary Unit- words have different thresholds (minimum strength needed to pass on to next stage)

  • common words
  • important words (your name)
18
Q

Attenuation Theory (Treisman)

Why can we recognize our name in unattended messages?

A
  • Information from attended message is passed on at full strength
  • Information from other conversations is attenuated but not eliminated
  • Name (and gender) can still be detected because of low threshold for that information
  • “Dear Aunt Jane” passes because of low threshold for the word aunt
19
Q

Low Threshold Word

A

A word that grabs your attention

20
Q

They were throwing stones (MacKay 1973)

A

Attended Side: Ambiguous sentence

Unattended Side: not suppose to be listening

21
Q

Results of They were throwing stones

A

The meaning of the unattended side must have been processed.

This suggests that everything gets processed for meaning, and then attention selects what’s used for response

22
Q

Late Selection Model (MacKay)

A

Input -> Attended ear, Unattended ear, -> Sensory Processing/Memory -> processes for meaning -> STM/WM -> LTM or -> Response or -> Lost/Forgotten

23
Q

Selection Attention: resources metaphor

A
  • Beyond filter theories… Capacity/Load theories
  • Idea (Lavie)
  • Attention is a limited resource
  • The amount that information gets processed is based on:
  • The resources available (aka capacity) [varies across individuals]
  • The load of the task [varies across tasks {and with practice)]

Such theories can work to explain selective attention and divided attention

24
Q

Processing Capacity

A

Individual differences across people

25
Q

Perceptual Load (aka Cognitive Load)

A

The amount of cognitive load a task takes

26
Q

Do all tasks use up the same pool of cognitive resources?

A

1st condition:

Input -> Stimuli that participants are suppose to remember in one ear

2nd condition:

Participants see pictures instead of images

Recognition Memory Test

The more similar two tasks, the greater the cost of divided attention

27
Q

Bottom line on multi-tasking (divided attention)

A

Multi-tasking almost always has a cost

Task switching costs-

  • It takes longer to do two tasks that you switch back and forth between vs. just doing one util it’s done, then the other
  • time to adjust mentally to performing different task
28
Q

Other costs of Divided Attention: Attention Failures

A

Sensation without perception

  • Inattentional Blindness:
    Failure to notice something in clear view

Change Blindness: failure to notice change in something

29
Q

Change Blindess

A
30
Q

Why is detecting the change hard?

A

Something ( flicker, looking away) disrupts perception, turning this into a memory task

  • encode the item, maintain it in memory, compare the memory to the newly perceived item
  • Also: our attention is often not already directed at the exact thing that changes
31
Q

Semantic interference

A

Cannot ‘filter’ out meaning

32
Q

Capacity

A
33
Q

Filter

A
34
Q

Spotlight

A
35
Q

Attention:

A
36
Q

ADHD

A

DSM5: People with ADHD show a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferees with functioning or development

Inattentive symptos include:

Psych 208 Cognitive Psychology (14 decks)

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