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Psych 208 Cognitive Psychology > Ch 6 > Flashcards

Ch 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Serial Position Curve

A

The 16 items were presented one-at-a-time, in a series

  • Serial position- where an item was in the list (e.g., 1st, 2nd, 3rd)

Did we recall things equally across the whole list?

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2
Q

Primacy

A

The first few words get more rehearsal time for encoding into LTM

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3
Q

Recency

A

The last few words or items are well remembered because they are still in the STM/WM loop

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4
Q

Memory Rehearsal

A

Allows transfer from WM to LTM

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5
Q

Anterograde Amensia

A
  • Impaired ability to remember new information after trauma
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6
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A
  • Loss of old memories before the traumatic incident
  • Usually graded
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7
Q

Henry Molaison (H.M.) Feb 26, 1926 - Dec 2, 2008

A

History:

  • Epilepsy (seizures) started at age 10 due to getting hit by a bicycle

Surgery in 1953:

  • bilateral temporal lobe resection
  • Destroyed 2/3 of hippocampus, part of amygdala

Results:
- seizures improved

  • IQ normal
  • STM/WM intact: could hold a conversation, and had normal digit scan
  • LTM severe deficits
  • retrograde amnesia for 3 years before surgery could remember childhood
  • anterograde amnesia: couldn’t form any new LTM
  • He remained largely the same person with otherwise normal cognitive abilities
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8
Q

Double Dissaccoiation

A

When two related mental processes are shown to function independently from each other

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9
Q

Clive Wearing

A
  • British musical conductor
  • hippocampus partly destroyed by a viral infection of his brain fluid
  • STM/WM still interact
  • Could not form any new LTM
  • One of the most severe cases of anterograde amnesia
  • But does remember his wife
  • Doesn’t remember he just saw her a few minutes ago
  • Diary, every moment is new
  • As for his retrograde amnesia, he could remember facts like Deborah was his wife
  • Could not remember episodes though like him dating Deborah
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10
Q

What is it like to have anterograde amnesia?

A

Everyday moment is like waking from a long dream

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11
Q

Impaired STM/WM but intact LTM (placeholder)

A

.

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12
Q

Patient KF

A
  • Traumatic brain injury though motorcycle accident
  • Impaired STM/WM
  • digit span = 2
  • couldn’t repeat words
  • very limited recency effect (serial position curve): just 1 item instead of normal 5-6 items
  • Intact LTM
  • Could learn word pairs, word lists, new episodic memories of life
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13
Q

Anatomy of a Long Term Memory Experiment

A

Study phase (encoding) -> Distractor Phase (retention interval) -> Test Phase (retrieval)

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14
Q

Can you retrieve things if you do not rehearse (encode) them?

A

No, you cannot retrieve what was never encoded

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15
Q

The Two Types of Long-Term Memory

A

Explicit and Implicit

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16
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memory that can be consciously recalled/retrieved. It’s conscious and deliberate

Ex: Memory I the form of person events or general knowledge

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17
Q

Implicit Memory

A

A change in behavior resulting from prior information/experience but without you consciously retrieving that information

18
Q

Explicit Memory’s Two types of information

A

Episodic and Semantic

19
Q

Episodic Long Term Memory

A

Memory of a specific experience/episode in the past

Ex: Think about what you ate for lunch yesterday

20
Q

Semantic Longer Term Memory

A

Memory for generalized knowledge

Ex: Is a robin a bird?

Is a Suv a card?

Don’t remember when or how you know the information but you know it

21
Q

Implicit Memory

A
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Procedural Memory
  • Priming
22
Q

Kent Cochran

A
  • Another motorcycle accident victim at the age of 30

Anterograde amnesia- Can’t form new LTM

Retrograde amnesia-

  • He could remember facts

Ex: facts about bowling, childhood address, cars, stalactites vs. stalagmites

  • Could not remember episodes like the time when his whole neighborhood was evacuated due to a chemical train spell
23
Q

Patient MN

A

Japanese Woman Brain tumor in her 50’s

Anterograde amnesia- could not form any new LTM

Retrograde amnesia- Couldn’t remember facts

  • Could not draw a map of Japan
  • Couldn’t remember public events Like the Tokyo Olympics, the death of the emperor, the Korean War
  • Couldn’t remember technical terms from her banking profession
  • Did not recognize very famous cultural items

Could remember episodes
- boyfriends, school excursions, drama performances, finding a job, participation in the broadcasting club, and taking a leave of absence from school due to disease

24
Q

Patient LP

A

Italian woman, viral damage at age 40

  • Anterograde amnesia was not terrible could learn some new personal episodes

Could not remember facts
- Beethoven, Italty in WW2, Hitler

Can remember episodes
- engagement, wedding, honeymoon, children, holidays

25
Q

Procedural Memory

A
  • Long-term memory for the skills involved in particular tasks
  • Demonstrated by skilled performance, and is often separate from the ability to verbalize this knowledge (non-declarative)
  • Not necessarily tied to a specific memory of where/when learned like episodic
  • Not necessarily conscious of how we’re doing it
26
Q

Procedural Memory Tasks

A

Cohen & Squire, 1980

  • Korsakoff patients: alcoholic for many years
  • Vitamin B1 deficiency (from poor diet) -> brain damage, anterograde amnesia
  • no explicit memory of ever having done the task, yet performance was still better over time!

-

27
Q

Back to Patient HM

A

Did a mirror tracing test in which his performance got better and better across three days

  • HM and other amnesiacs demonstrated the ability for amnesiacs to learn in procedural memory tasks
28
Q

Dissociation of Explicit and Implicit

A

Humans with amnesia generally have intact procedural memory

  • Korsakoff patients

– Could not store new explicit memories in LTM

– Could get better at backward reading

  • HM

– Could not store new explicit memories in LTM

– Could improve at a mirror drawing task over time (Implicit)

  • Clive Wearing

– Could not store new explicit memories in LTM

– Could learn to play new piano pieces and get better at it (Implicit)

29
Q

Priming

A

Humans with amnesia generally have intact priming memory (Graf et al., 1985)

  • Explicit Task- Recall words that were previously seen
  • Implicit Task- Complete fragments of words previously seen
30
Q

Claparede the Swiss neurologist

A

Worked with an anterograde amnesic patient who never remembered him

  • Pricked her hand when introducing himself one day
  • The patient refused to shake his hand the next times for introductions even though she did not remember Claparede from previous encounters
31
Q

Ken Cochrane

A
  • severe retrograde episodic amnesia also couldn’t imagine the future
  • The same brain areas used for episodic recall (thinking of past events) are also used for imagining future events!

– in both cases, your brain is simulating… the past or the future!

32
Q

Where is memory in the brain?

A

Working memory: the mostly pre-frontal cortex

Long Term memory: likely distributed across the whole cortex

What about the hippocampus?

  • People with lesions to their hippocampus (H.M., Clive W.) struggle to make new long-term memories
  • Probably involved with both LTM and WM

What about semantic vs episodic?

  • Double dissociation suggests separate locations
  • Brain imaging studies suggest some overlap in regions and some differences (Levine et al., 2004)
33
Q

How LTM memory is stored in the cerebral cortex

A

The formation of engram [memory] involves strengthening of synaptic connections between populations of neurons that are active during an event… This increases the likelihood that the same (or similar) activity pattern within this cell assembly can be recreated at a later time

34
Q

Interplay of Semantic & Episodic Memory

A

Most things start out as semantic and episodic

  • lose episodic over time
  • keep semantic
35
Q

Repisodes

A

Repeated episodes get kinda merged into a generalized representation over time

Semantic memory is enhanced when connected to episodic

  • Recall for names of public figures is better when associated with personal experiences

Semantic memory influences episodic memory thru the direction of attention

  • Knowledge about a situation influences what we remember

Autobiographical memory utilizes both types

36
Q

How does time affect memories?

A

Forgetting increases with longer intervals after encoding

Forgetting is not an “all-or-nothing” process

  • Familiarity: semantic memory
  • Recollection: episodic memory

Remember/Know the procedure

  • Semanticization of remote memories

– Loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events

37
Q

Priming

A

Presentation of priming stimulus changes a person’s response to a test stimulus

38
Q

Repetition priming

A
  • Test stimulus the same or similar to the priming stimulus
  • Called implicit memory; person may or may not remember original presentation of priming stimuli
39
Q

Priming in Everyday Experience

A

Perfect and Askew (1994)

  • Propaganda effect: more likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true
  • Involves implicit memory because it can occur when people are not aware of previously seeing or hearing statement
  • Implications for advertisements
40
Q

Classical Conditioning and Implicit Memory

A
  • Pairing a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response
  • Involves implicit memory when person has forgotten about original paring of the stimulus and the response

Psych 208 Cognitive Psychology (14 decks)

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