Ch 9 Flashcards
Use the question “To What Extent”? Since it helps you consider all the information [placeholder]
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Similar ideas: Generalized mental representations [placeholder]
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Schema
mental representation of what is typically expected in a particular situation
Concept
mental representation of a category of things, their features
Stereotype
mental representation of a group of people, their characteristics
Script
Schema with order
These 4 things do what?
Help our perceptions, memory, and judgments of the world. We evolved to see patterns
But can also lead to problems (memory error, narrow worldviews, prejudice & discrimination)
How are categories represented in LTM?
Theoretical Approaches: [placeholder]
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Definitional (Classic)
Set of rules
Prototype
Abstracted central tendency
Exemplar
Multiple examples
Semantic Network (aka Associative Network)
Basic levels of categorization
Nested Concepts
Nested Concepts
Super-ordinate (EX: animal, furniture)
Basic-level (EX:, bird, chair)
Subordinate (EX: warbler, wooden desk chair)
Basic-level
- First concepts to be learned developmentally
- Natural level at which objects are named
- highest level at which objects share same features and overall shape
Category levels and features (Rosch et al., 1976, Exp.1)
Basic Category Levels and Production Task (naming)
Semantic Network (Aka associative network, knowledge network
Differences in default level as function of expertise
Online exp: Lexical Decision (semantic priming)
- Seeing the first word PRIMED the associated second word, making us FASTER to respond
- Evidence supports the idea of spreading activation in a semantic network
Evidence for cognitive economy of hierarchical organization of semantic network
Claim: Cognitive Economy: inheritance: Property info stores are high up the hierarchy as possible to minimize redundancy
IF TRUE, then: Sentences should take more time to process when there is more “distance” (# of levels to traverse in the network) between the feature and the concept
Network Theories [Placeholder]
Symbolic Network (aka semantic network) (e.g., Collin and Quillian hierarchal)
Connectionist Network aka Parallel Distributed Processing
- Representations are not symbol structures but rather patterns of potential activation
Parallel distributed processing
- spreading activation between nodes across weighted connections
Learning (training) in a connectionist netowork
Network starts with an equal link
First time we try
