Exam 3 (Ch 10, 11, 12, 13) Flashcards
primary emotions
emotions that are present in humans & other animals; appear first 6 months (surprise, joy, anger, sad, fear, disgust)
self-conscious emotions
require self-awareness that involves consciousness & sense of “me”; appear first time after 18 months of age (jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt)
emotional expression in infants
▫ Parents emotional expression influences infants emotional expression and vice versa
▫ Involved in infant’s first relationship
▫ Cries and smiles are infants first emotional expression
“MAMA” cycle
peoples identity status changes from moratorium to achievement to moratorium to achievement
What are the three types of cry’s an infant does?
basic cry, anger cry, + pain cry
reflexive smile
A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep.
social smile
A smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of the young infant. Social smiling occurs as early as 4 to 6 weeks of age in response to a caregiver’s voice
stranger anxiety
an infant shows a fear and wariness of strangers; appears at 6 months, peaks at 9 months, and gradually disappears after 1 year
separation protest
initially displayed by infants at approximately 7 to 8 months and peaks at about 15 months
socioemotional selectivity theory
states that older adults become more selective about their activities and social relationships in order to maintain social and emotional well-being
temperament
involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
easy child
generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences. ; chess and thomas
difficult child
reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change. ; chess and thomas
slow to warm up child
has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood. ; chess and thomas
Rothbarts and Bates classification for temperament
Extraversion/surgency includes approach, pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter. Kagan’s uninhibited children fit into this category. Negative affectivity includes “fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort” Effortful control (self-regulation) includes “attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure”
goodness of fit
refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.
attachment
a close emotional bond between two people.
social referencing
the term used to describe “reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation.
securely attached children
use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
insecure avoidant children
show insecurity by avoiding the mother.
insecure resistant children
often cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness,
insecure disorganized children
are disorganized and disoriented.
Sternberg triangular theory of love
states that love has three main components or dimensions—passion, intimacy, and commitment
self-understanding
the cognitive representation of the self, the substance of self-conceptions.
perspective taking
is especially thought to be important in determining whether children will develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behavior.
Erik Erikson’s identity versus identity confusion
in this fifth of his eight stages in the life span, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. These questions about identity occur throughout life, but they become especially important for adolescents.
psychosocial moratorium
Erikson’s term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy. During this period, society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities, which allows them to try out different identities.
crisis
is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual explores alternatives.
commitment
is a personal investment in identity.
identity diffusion
James Marcia idea of identity development based on Erikson’s theory; is the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.
identity foreclosure
James Marcia idea of identity development based on Erikson’s theory; the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis.
identity moratorium
James Marcia idea of identity development based on Erikson’s theory; is the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or only vaguely defined.
identity achievement
James Marcia idea of identity development based on Erikson’s theory; is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment.
selective optimization with compensation theory
states that successful aging is linked with three main factors: selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC). The theory states that individuals can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to tasks they want to master
trait theories
state that personality consists of broad dispositions, called traits, that tend to produce characteristic responses.
trait-situation interaction
Both traits and situational (context) factors must be considered to understand personality
contemporary life-events approach
emphasizes that how life events influence the individual’s development depends not only on the event but also on mediating factors (physical health and family supports, for example), the individual’s adaptation to the life event (appraisal of the threat and coping strategies, for example), the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context
gender
refers to the characteristics of people as males and females.
gender identity
involves a sense of one’s own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female
gender roles
sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.
gender-typing
refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
social role theory
states that psychological gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men.
psychoanalytic theory of gender
stems from Sigmund Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.
gender schema theory
states that gender-typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture
moral development
involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong
heteronomous morality
First stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory. Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.
autonomous morality
Second stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory. They become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action, they consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences.
preconventional reasoning
Kohlberg’s lowest level; At this level, good and bad are interpreted in terms of external rewards and punishments. Two stages: heteronomous morality + individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
conventional reasoning
second level of Kohlberg’s; At this level, individuals apply certain standards, but they are the standards set by others, such as parents or the government. Two stages: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity + Social systems morality
postconventional reasoning
Highest level of Kohlberg’s; At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code. Two stages: Social contract or utility and individual rights + universal ethical principles
justice perspective
Kohlberg’s perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual, and individuals independently make their own moral decisions
care perspective
A perspective that challenges the justice perspective; a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
social cognitive theory of morality
emphasizes a distinction between an individual’s moral competence (ability to perform moral behaviors) and moral performance (performing those behaviors in specific situations)
moral identity
Individuals have a moral identity when moral notions and commitments are central to their life
social domain theory
states that there are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains.
social conventional theory
focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system
hidden curriculum
the hidden moral atmosphere at schools
character education
a direct education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior and doing harm to themselves or others
values clarification
a moral education aimed at helping people to clarify what their lives mean and what is worth working for.
cognitive moral education
based on the belief that students should learn to value such things as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops
service learning
a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.
