Chapter 3

Question 1

cephalocaudal pattern

Answer 1

sequence in which the fastest growth in the human body occurs at the top, w/ the head

Question 2

proximodistal pattern

Answer 2

growth sequence that starts at the center of body & moves towards extremities

Question 3

lifespan

Answer 3

upper boundary of life, max. # of yrs a human can live (max. life span is 120-125)

Question 4

life expectancy

Answer 4

of yrs that the avg. person born in a particular year will probably live (78 yrs)

Question 5

What is the aging brain like?

Answer 5

○ Brain loses 5-10% of weight between 20-90 y/o
	○ Brain volume decreases
	○ Prefrontal cortex shrinks
	○ Slowing of the brain by 70-90
	○ Decline in neurotransmitters
	○ Demyelination
	○ Decrease in lateralization

Question 6

How do height + weight change in infancy?

Answer 6

○ Infants gain 5-6 ounces a week during 1st month
○ Doubled birth weight by 4 y/o
○ grow 3/4 inch per month during 1st yr; increase birth length by 40% by 1st bday
○ growth rate slows at 2 y/o
○ By 2 y/o, weigh 26-32 lbs; 1/5 of adult weight, 1/2 of adult height

Question 7

How do height + weight change in childhood?

Answer 7

percentage of increases in height and weight decrease each yr; girls smaller than boys; girls have more fatty tissue, boys more muscle

Question 8

How do height + weight change in middle childhood?

Answer 8

Slow consistent growth, period of calm before rapid growth; Baby fat decreases, muscle mass & strength increase; Changes in proportions; head, waist, and leg size decrease in relation to body height

Question 9

puberty

Answer 9

a brain neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for rapid physical changes that take place during this period of development

Question 10

evolutionary theory

Answer 10

natural selection hasn’t eliminated harmful effects of aging bc its linked to reproductive fitness

Question 11

cellular clock theory

Answer 11

cells can divide a max. of 75-80 times before they are less capable of dividing

Question 12

free radical theory

Answer 12

people age bc when cells metabolize energy, the by products include unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals

Question 13

mitochondrial theory

Answer 13

aging is due to decay of mitochondria

Question 14

sirtuins theory

Answer 14

family of proteins linked to longevity, regulation of mitochondria, benefits of calorie restriction, stress resistance, & lower incidence of cardio disease & cancer

Question 15

mTOR pathway theory

Answer 15

regulation of growth & metabolism

Question 16

hormonal stress theory

Answer 16

aging in body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress & increase disease