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BIO1111- Mary-Susan Pottsantone > Exam 3 ( Cellular Respiration) > Flashcards

Exam 3 ( Cellular Respiration) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2—> 6CO2+6H2O+ 27-19 ATP + HEAT

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2
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

It is a catabolic process in which cells obtain their energy from organic molcules ( mostly glucose)

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3
Q

What are the reactants of Cellular Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2

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4
Q

What are the products of Cellular Respiration?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ( metabolic water) + 27-29 ATP

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5
Q

What is being oxidized in Cellular Respiration?

A

(glucose). C6H12O2—-> 6CO2

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6
Q

What is being reduced in Cellular Respiration?

A

(oxygen) 6O2—>6H2O

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7
Q

What is respiration at a cellular level?

A

usage of oxygen by all the cells and the generation of CO2

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8
Q

What kind of reaction is cellular respiration? How do you know?

A

Exergonic. Energy is being released and the delta G is negative.

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9
Q

what role does blood supply have?

A
  • delivers oxygen and removes CO2
  • oxygen and CO2 go between blood and lungs
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10
Q

Can the body use other organic molecules besides glucose? Any exceptions?

A

Yes, but the brain specifically can only use glucose to function properly.

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11
Q

Why is energy released in a step-wise fashion?

A

Allows ATP to be produced efficiently.

release energy in small amounts over many redox reactions allows to capture the max E that can be turned into ATP.

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12
Q

What are the enzymes/coenzymes of the REDOX reactions?

A

NAD+ and FAD are coenzymes

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13
Q

What is the reaction sequence of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolsis
  2. Transition Reaction (pyruvate decarboxylation)
  3. Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation )
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14
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

What is the main purpose of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the main pathway to produce ATP

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16
Q

What can coenzymes do?

A

It can be both reduced and oxidized

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17
Q

How does NAD+ oxidize a metabolite?

A

accepting an e-

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18
Q

How does NAD+ reduce a metabolite?

A

by giving up e-

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19
Q

What is NAD’s reduced form?

A

NADH + H+

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20
Q

What is NAD’s oxidized form?

A

NAD+

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21
Q

What is the oxidized form of FAD?

A

FAD

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22
Q

What is the reduced form of FAD?

A

FADH2

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23
Q

What is important about the reduced states of FAD and NAD+?

A

They can temporarily hold energy within this state.

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24
Q

What happens in glycolysis ( general)?

A
  • occurs in the cytoplasm
  • glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate
  • A net gain of 2 ATP
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25
Q

What is special about glycolysis?

A

Happens the same way in all cells and indicates that cells have a common ancestry.

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26
Q

What happens in the transition reaction ( general)?

A
  • move into the mitochondria
  • both pyruvates are oxidized
  • electron energy is stored in NADH+ +H+
  • 2 Carbons are released as CO2
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27
Q

What happens in the Citric Acid cycle/ Krebs Cycle ( general)?

A
  • electron energy is stored in the reduced energy carrier ( NADH+ + H_ and FADH2)
  • ATP ( GTP) is formed
  • 4 Carbons are released as CO2
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28
Q

What happens in the Electron Transport Chain/ Oxidative Phosphorylation ( general)?

A
  • extracts energy from NADH+ +H+ and FADH2 ( reduced energy carriers)
  • produces 23-25 ATP
  • ETS and ATP synthase
  • chemosmosis
  • this is when we actually use O2
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29
Q

what does the word glycolysis mean?

A

break glucose

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30
Q

What are the two stages of Glycolysis?

A
  • Energy Investing Steps
  • Energy Harvesting Steps
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31
Q

What are the Energy Investing Steps?

A

1) 2 ATP are used to activate glucose
2) Glucose splits into 2G3P molecules

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32
Q

How does glucose get activated in glycolysis?

A

In step 1 glucose is activated by phosphorylation –> adding on phosphates and rearranging the glucose.

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33
Q

What is it called when glucose splits in glycolysis?

A

cleavage

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34
Q

What are the Energy Harvesting Steps?

A
  1. 2 electrons are picked up by two NAD+
  2. Four ATP and 2 pyruvate produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
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35
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Moving the phosphate group from one molecule/substrate and adding to ADP–> ATP

  • Occurs in step 4 of glycolysis
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36
Q

What is the net gain of Glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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37
Q

What is being oxidized/reduced in glycolysis?

A

oxidized: substrate /G3P
reduced: carrier NAD+

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38
Q

What does hexokinase do?

A

Used to first phosphorylate glucose ( with ATP) into glucose 6 phosphate

  • irreversible
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39
Q

What is PFK?

A

Phosphofructokinase

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40
Q

What does PFK do?

A

Used to phosphorylate glucose a 3rd time and turn it into fructose-1-6 bisphosphate

  • regulatory step
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41
Q

How does PFK regulate ATP production?

A

If ATP is sufficient
- ATP will bind to PFK ( step 3)
- Feedback Inhibition

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42
Q

How does feedback inhibition work with PFK?

A

End result feeds back to earlier steps, the ATP hinders PFK until ATP is needed again

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43
Q

If oxygen is available what happens at the end of glycolysis?

A

You go into the Krebs Cycle

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44
Q

Summary of Glycolysis?

A

C6H12O6 + 2NAD+ + 2ATP + NADHP + 4Pi
——————————————>
2 pyrvate + 2(NADH+H+) + 4ATP + 2ADP

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45
Q

What is the summary of the transition Reaction?

A

2 pyruvate + 2CO- A —-> 2 acetyl- CO-A + 2CO2

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46
Q

What is step 1 of the transition reaction?

A

Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix

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47
Q

How does step 1 work for the transition reaction?

A

To move pyruvate in step 1 –> use H/pyruvate pump

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48
Q

is the H/pyruvate pump secondary or primary active transport?

A

secondary, it is using a H ion gradient set up by primary active transport

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49
Q

what does decarboxylate mean?

A

to remove CO2

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50
Q

What is step 2 of the transition reaction?

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated to make acetyl —> attached to COA ( Coenzyme A)

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51
Q

What is step 3 of the transition reaction?

A

Electron is picked up ( w/hydrogen atom) by NAD+

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52
Q

What happens to the CO2 that comes from step 2 of the transition reaction?

A

It is released and transported out of mitochondria and into the cytoplasm

53
Q

What is being oxidized/reduced in the transition reaction?

A

oxidized: pyruvate/substrate
reduced: electron, Energy, and proton from carbon-based molecule to make 2NADH + H+

54
Q

Where does the Krebs/Citric Cycle happen?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

  • series of redox reactions
  • runs twice for every glucose molecule ( 2 acetyl to move through the cycle)
55
Q

What is step 1 of the Citric Cycle?

A
  • COA delivers the acetyl and then goes back to the transition reaction

Acetyl-COA ( from the transition reaction) combines with Ocoaloacetate to make Citrate.

56
Q

How does carbon change in step 2 of the citric cycle?

A

acetyl ( C2) + ocxaloacetate ( C4) = Citrate ( C6)

57
Q

What is step 2 of the Citric Cycle?

A

Citrates are oxidized; NAD+ is reduced to NADH+ + H+

C6 –> C5–> C4
- decarboxylated
CO2 is released

58
Q

What is Step 3 of the Citric Cycle?

A

2 ATP are produced through substrate-level phosphorylation

59
Q

Why is the Citric Cycle a cycle?

A

It is a cycle because you start with Oxaloacetate and end with Oxaloacetate

60
Q

What is step 4 of the Citric Cycle?

A

Succinate ( a C4 molecule) oxidized to Fumarate (a C4 molecule)

61
Q

What is step 5 of the Citric Cycle?

A

Fumarate (C4) oxidized to Oxaloacetate ( C4)

  • NAD+ is reduced to NADH+ + H+
62
Q

How is the Citric Cycle Regulated?

A
  • competitive inhibition

oxaloacetate competes w/ succinate on succinate dehydrogenase

  • if there is a lot of oxaloacetate then it binds to the enzyme first and will slow the Kreb cycle
  • if their succinate wins then the Kreb cycle continues.
63
Q

What is the summary of the Kreb cycle?

A

2 Oxaloacetate + 2Acetyl CoA + 6NAD+ + 2ADP + 2FAD ————————->
2 Oxaloacetate + 2CoA + 6NADH + H+ + 2ATP + 2FADH2 + 4CO2

64
Q

Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation happen?

A

Eukaryotes: cristae of mitochondria
Aerobic prokaryotes: plasma membrane

65
Q

what goes on in the electron transport system?

A
  • each carrier is more electronegative than the last
  • carrier molecules are oxidized and reduced over and over
  • shuttle electrons along
  • as the electrons pass, energy is extracted
  • energy is used to pump H
  • movement of H = ATP
66
Q

What are cytochromes?

A

respiratory enzymes

  • use O2 —> generate CO2
67
Q

Where does the oxidative phosphorylation get its energy from?

A

made to receive electrons from reduced energy carriers

  • NADH+ + H+/ FADH2
    = ATP
68
Q

What is the definition of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH + H+ or FADH2 to O2 by a series of electron carriers

69
Q

How does H move in the ETC?

A
  • H and electrons from reduced energy carriers are sent into the electron transport system
  • H is going to ultimately go to combine with oxygen to make metabolic water
  • NADH+ + H+ delivers enough energy to make 2.3 ATP
  • FADH2 delivers enough energy to make 1.38 ATP
70
Q

Why is oxygen so important in the electron transport chain?

A
  • oxygen is the final electron and proton acceptor
71
Q

What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain?

A

mobilize energy in a step-wise fashion, ultimately regenerating the NAD and FAD to keep running previous cycles

72
Q

How are coenzymes recycled in the ETC?

A
  • once NADH+ + H+ delivers H it turns back into NAD
  • H must be combined with oxygen to make water
  • If oxygen is not present, NADH+ + H+ cannot release H
  • no longer recycled back into NAD+
73
Q

Can the Kreb or Electric Transport Chain occur without oxygen?

A

No

74
Q

What is the summary of Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

1/2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e- —-> H2O

  • does not account for the process that actually goes on
75
Q

What is chemiosmosis? Where does it occur?

A

the process of moving ions (e.g. protons) to the other side of a biological membrane, and as a result, an electrochemical gradient is generated. This can then be used to drive ATP synthesis.

  • ETC
76
Q

What are respiratory poisons?

A

Will at some point block cellular respiration.

77
Q

What are the three kinds of respiratory poisons?

A
  1. Block ETS
  2. Respiratory Poisons
  3. Uncouplers
78
Q

How do Block ETS poisons work?

A

binds with electron carrier in the first protein complex
- blocks passage of e- to oxygen
- no production of ATP

79
Q

What are some examples of Block ETS poisons?

A

Rotenone: used to kill pests, fish, insects
Cyanide
Carbon Monoxide

80
Q

How do respiratory poisons work?

A

Inhibit ATP synthase
- blocks the passage of H+ through ATP Synthase
-ETS works normally

81
Q

What are some examples of respiratory poisons?

A

Oligomycin - an antibiotic used to treat fungal infections on the skin.
Malachite green

82
Q

How do Uncouplers work?

A

-ETS and ATP synthase are fine
- The mitochondrial membrane is weak/leaky, allowing H+ to come through.
- weak electrochemical gradient/ not as much ATP

83
Q

What is an example of an Uncoupler?

A

DNP- Dinitrophenol, rapidly burns up fat stores boosting metabolism
- lose weight very fast
- die of fever

84
Q

What is the metabolic pool?

A

Use of carbs, fats, and proteins in cellular respiration, also provides our cells with building blocks for homeostasis

85
Q

How do other macromolecules enter into cellular respiration?

A

Breakdown products ( of proteins and fats) enter into respiratory pathways as intermediates, at different points of celllular respiration

86
Q

How do proteins enter into cellular respiration?

A

Enter through amino acids (aa)
- some aa used to make each other

87
Q
A
87
Q

What are essental aa?

A

necessary in our bodies
- we do not produce them ,
- brought in through diet

88
Q

How is Nitrogen from excess aa deaminated?

how do we get rid of nitrogenous waste ?

A
  • ammonia ( NH3) processed in liver into urea
    -urea expelled in urine, blood, sweat , bile, and milk
89
Q

What is uric acid?

A

another form of nitogenous waste
ex. expelled in bird poop

90
Q

What is the Urea cycle?

A

how to get rid of urea
- backwards citric cycle

91
Q

What is glycogensis

A

production of glycogen ( glucose storage)

92
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

breakdown of glycogen ( get that glucose out)

93
Q

lipogensis?

A

production of lipids ( excess glucose=fats)

94
Q

lipolysis?

A

breakdown of lipids

95
Q

gluconeogenesis?

A

production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (fats+ proteins turn into glucose)

96
Q

Are fermentation and anaerobic respiration the same?

A

No, fermentation is an anaerobic pathway but DOES NOT involve ETS; anaerobic respiration DOES use ETS

97
Q

What happens when oxygen is not present at the end of ETS?

A

NAD and FAD are not regenerated and instead form free radicals
- glycolysis stops

98
Q

What are two things organisms do when oxygen is not present?

A

1) anaerobic respiration
2) Fermentation

99
Q

Can all organisms do anaerobic respiration?

A

No, only prokaryotes

100
Q

How does anaerobic respiration work for prokaryotes?

A

They donate to a different electron acceptor at the end of oxidative phosphorylation

101
Q

How does fermentation work?

A
  • provides NAD+ for glycolysis to continue
  • a rapid burst of ATP
  • NADH+ + H+ combines with pyruvate to yield NAD+
102
Q

What is Zymology?

A

Science of fermentation.

103
Q

Where can you find Prokaryotes that perform Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Smelly marshes, coastal area

104
Q

Even though we cannot perform anaerobic respiration why is it important to us?

A

Anaerobic respiration plays a major role in:
- global nitrogen cycles
- global sulfur cycles
- global oxygen cycles

105
Q

Is anaerobic respiration efficient?

A

It is not as efficient as aerobic respiration but it doesn’t need to be

  • prokaryotes don’t need as much
106
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A
  • Lactic Acid Fermentation
  • Alcoholic Fermentation
107
Q

What process happens in our cells when oxygen is not present?

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

108
Q

How does Lactic Acid Fermentation work?

A
  • pyruvate at the end of glycolysis when in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase is REDUCED into lactic acid.
  • Pyruvate REDUCED by NADH + H–> NADH+H is OXIDIZED into NAD
  • glycolysis can continue
109
Q

What is the issue with Lactic Acid buildup?

A

Can result in PH change

110
Q

Do lactic acid molecules cause fatigue?

A

No, the buildup of phosphate and O2 debt causes fatigue

111
Q

How does the body deal with built-up lactic acid?

A

It is sent to the liver to be converted into ATP
- Cori cycle

112
Q

What molecule goes through Alcoholic Fermentation?

A

yeast ( single-celled fungi)

113
Q

How does alcoholic fermentation work?

A
  1. the pyruvate at the end of glycolysis in the presence of pyruvate dehydrogenase turns into acetaldehydes
    - pyruvate decarboxylated –> CO2 released
  2. acetaldehydes REDUCED into ethanols—> NADH + H OXIDIZED back into NAD
  • Glycolysis continues
114
Q

What is primary metabolism?

A

breakdown of nutrients to give us building blocks and produce ATP

115
Q

What is secondary metabolism?

A

Synthesis of molecules that are not essential for cell structure or growth

116
Q

What roles do second metabolites have?

A

roles in defense, attraction, protection, and competition

117
Q

What are the 4 categories of Second metabolites?

A
  1. Phenolics
  2. Alkaloids
  3. Terpenoids
  4. Polyketides
118
Q

What are Phenolics? What is important about them?

A

Antioxidants with intense flavor and smell

  • stabilize free radicals
119
Q

What are some examples of Phenolics?

A
  • super fruits, acai berries, vanilla, flowers
  • called flavinoids
120
Q

What are the phenolics that could upset the GI tract?

A

Tannins: animal hides
Lignins: wood

121
Q

What are Alkaloids?

A

bitter-tasting molecules for defense

122
Q

What are some examples of Alkaloids?

A

Cocaine
Caffeine
Codeine - morphine
Capeisin- chilli peppers

123
Q

What are some of the side effects of consuming alkaloids?

A
  • upset stomach
  • unpleasant order
  • burning sensation
  • feel nauseous
  • accelerated heart rate
  • get sick and die
124
Q

What are Terpenoids? Why do we need them?

A

intense smells and colors; used to attract or repel

  • biggest group of secondary metabolites
  • high variation
  • beta- beta-carotene for our photoreceptors
125
Q

What are examples of terpenoids>

A

Carotenoids, steroid hormones, cinnamon, fennel, clove, cumin, mint

126
Q

What are Polyketides?

A

chemical weapons ( lots of variety)
- defence; highly toxic

127
Q

What are some examples of Polyketides?

A
  • blue-ringed octopus, pufferfish, salamanders, cone snail

BIO1111- Mary-Susan Pottsantone (17 decks)

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