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BIO1111- Mary-Susan Pottsantone > Exam 2(3) - Membrane, Membrane Transport, ECM > Flashcards

Exam 2(3) - Membrane, Membrane Transport, ECM Flashcards

1
Q

What is true about membranes?

A

All life occurs in, on, or across membranes

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2
Q

What is the general structure and function of the Plasma membrane?`

A

Structure:
phospholipid bilayer w/ stuff embedded
- fluid mosaic model

Function:
- isolates cell
- structure
- sensitivity
- communication
- regulation
- chem rxns.
- defense
- compartmentalization

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3
Q

what is the ICF?

A

Intracellular matrix

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4
Q

what is the ECF?

A

Extracellular matrix

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5
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

A
  • external surface lined w/hydrophillic polar heads
  • cytoplasmic surface lind w/ hydrophilic polar heads
  • nonpolar, hydrophobic, fatty acid tails in between.
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6
Q

What are the general parts of the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • protein molecules
  • cholesterol
    -carbohydrates
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7
Q

What is the glycocalyx? Structure?

A

Made from carbohydrates, they are carbohydrate chains that attach to lipids or proteins in the PLB

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8
Q

What are the two types of proteins in the fluid mosaic model?

A

-Peripheral Proteins
-Integral proteins

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9
Q

What is a peripheral protein?

A
  • found on the inner membrane surface
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10
Q

What is an integral protein?

A
  • partially or wholly embedded in the PLB
  • transmembrane
  • lipid - anchored
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11
Q

Why is cholesterol important?

A

It stabilizes the fluidity and flexibility of the semi-fluid membrane.

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12
Q

tail length to fluidity?

A

shorter tail = more fluidity

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13
Q

bond # to fluidity?

A

double bond ( more= more fluid cholesterol)

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14
Q

How does temperature relate to fluidity?

A

incr. temp –> decr. fluidity
decr. temp—> incr. fluidity

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15
Q

Psychrophilic

A

Organism in cold temp/ more unsat. fatty acids

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16
Q

Mesophilic

A

Live in med. temp./ balance between sat and unsat. fatty acids

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17
Q

Thermophilic

A

very hot temp/ more sat. fatty bonds

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18
Q

psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic overall function.

A

Adaptations to help organisms live in different environments.

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19
Q

How do phospholipids move?

A

-laterally
- rotational

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20
Q

What is the function of membrane proteins?

A

Exchange resources

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21
Q

Channel protein

A
  • tubular, allow passage
    ex. aquaporins
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22
Q

Carrier proteins

A

-combine w/ substance to be transported (specific)

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23
Q

cell recognition protein

A
  • unique ID ( chemical) for cells
  • help the body recognize foreign substances
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24
Q

What is the function of the glycocalyx?

A

-to help identify cells as our own

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25
Q

what is the ligand??

A

signaling molecule binds to the receptor

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26
Q

receptor proteins

A

-bind w/ messenger molecules
- causes cells to respond to a message

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27
Q

enzymatic protein

A
  • carry out metabolic reactions directly
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28
Q

What are the different kinds of membrane transport?

A
  • Passive
  • Active
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29
Q

What are the different kinds of passive transport?

A

-diffusion
- osmosis
-facilitated diffusion

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30
Q

what is passive transport?

A
  • the net movement of solute down a concentration gradient
  • molecules move both ways along the gradient
  • move form high to low concentrations
  • dynamic equilibrium
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31
Q

what is a dynamic equilibrium?

A
  • when the NET change stops
  • solute concentration uniform
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32
Q

What are some of the things that affect passive diffusion?

A
  • distance
  • size of the gradient
  • the size of molecules
  • temperature
    -electrical charge
  • physical manipulation
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33
Q

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water across a differently permeable membrane - focus on the solvent

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34
Q

How does the water move?

A

Net movement of water is toward low water ( high solute) concentration.

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35
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

pressure to stop the movement of water - develops due to osmosis

  • colligative property
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36
Q

what is a colligative property?

A

doesn’t matter the type of particles only the number of particles.

37
Q

Isotonic solution?

A

solute+ water concentrations equal on both sides of the membrane

38
Q

hypotonic solution

A

the concentration of solute lower than an inside cell, cells in a hypotonic solution will swell –> lysis

39
Q

hypertonic

A

concentration of solute higher than inside the cell; cells in a hypertonic solution will shrink –> crenation

40
Q

tonicity

A

strength of a solution - the ability of a solution to change cell shape through movement of water

41
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

movement of small molecules that can’t get through membrane lipids

  • combine with carrier proteins ( specific)
  • follow concentration gradient (passive)
42
Q

what is active transport?

A
  • movement of small molecules against the concentration gradient
  • combining with carrier proteins ( transporter)
  • requires energy
43
Q

primary active transport?

A

ATP being spent directly
- establish a concentration gradient

44
Q

secondary active transport?

A

relies on the gradient established by primary active transport

( can only ever be by cotransport)

45
Q

uniport?

A

one substance being moved

46
Q

cotransport?

A

two substances are being moved

47
Q

symport?

A

Type of cotransport
- same direction across the membrane

48
Q

antiport?

A

Type of cotransport
- the two substances move in opposite directions

49
Q

Why is the sodium-potassium ATPase Pump important?

A
  • can be seen in all cells
  • transmembrane potential
50
Q

What is transmembrane potential?

A

transmembrane potential (Vm) represents the difference in electrical potential between the extracellular and intracellular compartments of the cell.

51
Q

What is step one of the NA K pump?

A
  1. sodium is low inside the cell and high outside –> carrier protein picks up 3 Na molecules
52
Q

Step 2 of Na K Pump?

A
  1. split an ATP molecule, the phosphate goes onto the carrier
53
Q

Step 3 of Na K Pump?

A
  1. A change in shape causes the carrier to release the 3 Na outside the cell
54
Q

Step 4 of Na K Pump?

A
  1. Takes up 2 K molecules
55
Q

Step 5 of Na K pump?

A
  1. phosphate group is released, shape change releases the K into the cell
56
Q

What are the steps of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?

A
  1. sodium is low inside the cell and high outside –> carrier protein picks up 3 Na molecules
  2. split an ATP molecule, the phosphate goes onto the carrier
  3. A change in shape causes the carrier to release the 3 Na outside the cell
  4. Takes up 2 K molecules
  5. phosphate group is released, shape change releases the K into the cell
57
Q

what are the functions of the Ion Electrochemical Gradients?

A
  • Transport of ions/molecules
  • Production of energy intermediate
  • regulation of cytosolic pH
    -osmotic regulation
  • nerve signaling
  • muscle contraction
  • bacterial swimming
58
Q

what does the chemical part of the electrochemical gradient refer to?

A

the concentration of ions

59
Q

what does the electrical part of the electrochemical gradient refer to?

A

negative inside membrane attracts positive charges, positive outside of the cell repels positive charges

60
Q

what is an excitable membrane?

A

-voltage-gated ion channels
- can generate big electrical signals that get sent out and are used as action potential
- nervous and muscle tissue

61
Q

What uses membrane-assisted transport?

A

hormones, digestive enzymes, neurotransmitters, mucus, cell wall components etc.

62
Q

Exocytosis?

A
  • the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane
  • secrete contents
  1. materials are targeted to vesicle
  2. the vesicles move to the proper location
  3. signals trigger the release of materials from vesicles
63
Q

Endocytosis?

A

cells engulf substances into a pouch which becomes a vesicle.

64
Q

Phagocytosis?

A

( only certain cells)
- large solid material into vesicle
“ cell eating”

65
Q

Pinocytosis?

A

( all cells can do)
- liquid or small solid particles go into vesicle
“ cell drinking”

66
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis?

A

( specific format of pinocytosis using a coated pit - clathrin)

  • surrounds ligands bound to their receptors and then it pinches off into a coated vesicle.
67
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A
  • the space between cells
  • retinal meshwork of polysachriches + proteins
68
Q

What is the function of the ECM?

A

-structure/support
- organization
- strength
- communication

69
Q

What kind of proteins are found in the ECM?

A

-Adhesive proteins ( Fibronectin,, laminin)
- Structural proteins ( Collagen, Elastin)
- Proteoglycans ( GAGs)

70
Q

What do adhesive proteins do?

A

Help cell stick

71
Q

What do structural proteins do?

A

Add support ( Fibrous nature), elasticity, build

72
Q

What is the structure and function of GAGs?

A

Structure:
- long unbranched polysaccharides
- highly negative

Function :
- gives extracellular fluid gel-like consistency

73
Q

How do GAGs work?

A
  • bind water and cations ( Na+, K+, Ca+2)
  • resist compression
  • hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate
74
Q

Is the ECM one set consistency?

A

No, the ECM can develop different consistency depending on the tissue or cell we are talking about

75
Q

What are the different membrane junctions of animal cells?

A
  • desmosomes
  • tight junctions
  • gap junctions
76
Q

What kind of junctions do plant cells have?

A

-plasmodesmata

77
Q

What is the structure and function of desmosomes?

A

structure:
- disk-like plaques at the surface of the plasma membrane
-intercellular filaments between cells ( keratin)
function:
- anchoring/ adhesion junctions
- stick stuff together
- mechanically strong

78
Q

Tight Junctions ( occluding)

A

Structure :
- round proteins ( occludin and claudin) create a ring-like network
- form weak strands between the membranes

Function:
- occluding junctions - block
- allows sets of cells to form an impermeable barrier ( watertight)
- stuff can go through but not between

79
Q

what are some examples of tight junctions?

A

blood-brain barrier

sperm testis barrier

80
Q

What is the structure and function of gap junctions?

A

structure:
- series of 6 connexon proteins form tubes/channels from one membrane to another - allow communication

Function:
- communication between cells
- send signals from cell to cell
- communication in unison

81
Q

Why are plant cells different than animal cells when it comes to junctions?

A

They do not have a cell membrane but rather are bound by a fairly permeable cell WALL ( made of cellulose)

82
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

found in plants
- layer of pectin ( carbohydrate) acts like a sticky glue

83
Q

What is the structure and function of plasmodesmata?

A

Structure:
- found between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells
- channels from one cell to another through the cell wall
- line by cytoplasm

function:
- plant version of gap junctions
- allow passage of material

84
Q

What are tissues?

A

Group of cells with similar structure or function

85
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of 2 or more tissues that perform a specific function or set of functions.

86
Q

What is the structure and function of Epithelial tissue?

A

Structure:
- cells joined together forming continuous sheets to cover or line body surfaces.
- joined by tight and adhesive junctions

Function :
- regenerative
- protective barrier

87
Q

What is the structure and function of connective tissue?

A

Structure:
- vary quite a bit - bone, blood, ligaments, fat deposits, etc.
- always a combination of ground substance, fibers, and cells

Function:
- support the body or connect tissues
- transport - blood
- temperature - fat deposits
- functions vary

88
Q

What is the structure and function of nervous tissue?

A

Structure:
- excitable membrane
-neurons

Function:
- receives, generates, and conducts electrical signals

89
Q

What is the structure and function of muscle tissue?

A

structure:
- skeletal, cardiac, smooth
-excitable membrane

Function:
- generates force that facilitates movement

BIO1111- Mary-Susan Pottsantone (17 decks)

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