Exam 2 (1) - Eukaryotic cell organelles Flashcards
What do Eukaryotic Cells contain?
-membrane bound nucleus
- specialized membrane bound organelles
Genome
genetic material of the cell ( mostly DNA)
What is true about the genome?
It is the same in all cells of an organism.
Proteome
Types and amounts of proteins in any cell at any given time under certain conditions.
What is true about the proteome?
Different between cells. and can change throughout time.
Why is compartmentalization important?
- allows for the cells to be larger
- isolates chemical reactions
What ae the two classes of organelles?
- Nucleus and Endomembrane system
- Semiautonomous/ Energy Related organelles
Nucleus and Endomembrane system
- organelles can communicate with each other
- via membrane channels
- small vesicles –> PLB
Semi Autonomous
- mitochondria and chloroplast
- independant
- somewhat self sufficient
How are the Semi Autonomous somewhat self sufficent?
- some own DNA
- Some own genes
- replicate themselves - binary fission
- make some own proteins
What are the parts of the Chloroplast?
- Inner membrane
- Outer membrane
- Thylakoid
- grana
-Chlorophyll - stroma
Inner membrane
- highly folded
- folds into thylakoids
- chlorophyll found here
outer membrane
smooth
thylakoid
made from inner membrane, contains chlorophyll
chlorophyll
-green photosynthetic pigment, captures light E
- found in thylakoid/inner membrane foldings
grana
- stacks of thylakoids
- granum ( sg)
- grana ( pl.)
stroma
-thylakoids suspended here
- semi fluid
Binary Fission
Get a big bigger and then split ( way to self reproduce)
Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
Two organisms ( mostly archaea bacteria) took up residence one inside the other. Over time leads to interdependence.
What is the chloroplast derived from?
- Cyanobacteria - blue green algae
Photosynthesis
Capture light, convert it into chemical energy, convert into carbs
What are the parts of the Mitochondria?
- Inner membrane
- Outer Membrane
- Cristae
- Matrix
- respiratory enzymes
Inner membrane
- highly folded
- forms cristae
outer membrane
smooth
Cristae
innerfolding of inner membrane that encloses matrix
Matrix
semi fluid containing respiratory enzymes
what do the respiratory enzymes do?
- cellular respiration
- produce most ATP
- makes,modifies, degrades cellular models
- generate heat ( brown fat) babies
What are mitochondria derived from?
Purple bacteria and a- Proteobacteria
How many proteins can the mitochondria make?
About 25
What size and shape are the mitochondria?
Can vary in shape, size, and number depending on the cell type.
What are the cell types with the most mitochondria?
-Muscle
- Neurons
-Liver
Nucleus - function and general structure
- The command center of the cell
- size and shape and number different depending on cell
Nuclear envelope
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
structure of the nuclear envelope
-double membrane
- nuclear pores
what do the nuclear pores do?
- exchange between neoplasm and cytoplasm
what is the neoplasm?
semi-fluid stuff inside of the nucleus
- chromatin
- chromosomes
What is the chromatin?
contains the DNA of genes –> condenses to form chromosomes
What’s going on with the chromosomes?
In the nucleus of every single cell, there are 23 chromosomes.
- cells are diploid
- two copies of every gene ( mom and dad)
- a chromosome is made of 2 sister chromatids
What is the structure and function of the Dark nucleolus?
- composed of rRNA
- produces subunits of ribosomes
What are ribosomes made of?
rRNA and proteins
Ribosome function? structure?
-protein synthesis
- both eukaryote and prokaryote
- large subunit and a small unit
- subunits made in nucleolus
where are ribosomes located?
- rough ER
- free in cytoplasm, singly, polyribosomes
what do polyribosomes do?
read mRNA
- docking for ribosomes–> ribosomes read mRNA –> ,make proteins
What does the endomembrane system do? Components?
folding and packing
- a system of membrane-bound components
Includes:
- nuclear envelope
-membrane of ER
-Golgi apparatus
-vesicles
-plasma membrane - PLB
Rough ER Structure? Function?
structure:
- studded w/ ribosomes
function:
- sorts proteins
- inserts proteins into ER membrane
- attaches carbs to proteins and lipids
–> Glycosylation
Smooth ER Function? Structure?
Structure
- smooth w/o ribosomes
- made of cristae
function:
- metabolic roles
- detox
- synthesis and modification of lipids
- carb metabolism
- storage of Ca+ –> muscles and cell signaling
Golgi apparatus structure? Function?
Structure:
- 3-20 flattened curved sacculus
- cis face –> toward the nucleus
- trans face–> within cell, export from cell)
function:
- modifies proteins and lipids
- packs stuff into vesicles
- receives vesicles on cis face
- ships things out from the trans face
-secretion, exocytosis
Lysosomes structure? function?
structure:
-membrane-bound vesicles–> microbodies
- produced by Golgi Apparatus
-low ph 4.8
- lytic enzymes
function:
-digestion of large molecules
- recycling of cellular resources
( autophagy)
- apoptosis ( programmed cell death)
What is Tay Sachs
Lysosomal storage disease
Peroxisomes stucture? function?
structure:
- membrane-bound vesicles
- enclose enzymes
- uncertain origins, self-replicate ( no DNA)
functions:
- enzymes synthesis by free ribosomes in cytoplasm( instead of ER)
- active in lipid metabolism
- catalyze rxns. to make hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2) ( toxic)
- 2H2O2–> 2H2O + O2
What is Zelleguar Syndrome?
lack of peroxisomes, very fatal death by 1 year old.
What are Vacuoles? Structure?Function?
Structure:
- Membrane-bound sacs larger than vesicles
- seen in plants, fungi, protest
function:
- store material
- can be very specialized –> contractile vacuole
How are vacuoles used in Plants?
- central vacuole
- 90% volume in plant
- storage of water, nutrients, pigments. and wast products
- turgor pressure –> osmosis
