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BIO1111- Mary-Susan Pottsantone > Exam 2 (1) - Eukaryotic cell organelles > Flashcards

Exam 2 (1) - Eukaryotic cell organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What do Eukaryotic Cells contain?

A

-membrane bound nucleus
- specialized membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Genome

A

genetic material of the cell ( mostly DNA)

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3
Q

What is true about the genome?

A

It is the same in all cells of an organism.

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4
Q

Proteome

A

Types and amounts of proteins in any cell at any given time under certain conditions.

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5
Q

What is true about the proteome?

A

Different between cells. and can change throughout time.

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6
Q

Why is compartmentalization important?

A
  • allows for the cells to be larger
  • isolates chemical reactions
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7
Q

What ae the two classes of organelles?

A
  • Nucleus and Endomembrane system
  • Semiautonomous/ Energy Related organelles
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8
Q

Nucleus and Endomembrane system

A
  • organelles can communicate with each other
    - via membrane channels
    - small vesicles –> PLB
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9
Q

Semi Autonomous

A
  • mitochondria and chloroplast
  • independant
  • somewhat self sufficient
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10
Q

How are the Semi Autonomous somewhat self sufficent?

A
  • some own DNA
  • Some own genes
  • replicate themselves - binary fission
  • make some own proteins
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11
Q

What are the parts of the Chloroplast?

A
  • Inner membrane
  • Outer membrane
  • Thylakoid
  • grana
    -Chlorophyll
  • stroma
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12
Q

Inner membrane

A
  • highly folded
  • folds into thylakoids
  • chlorophyll found here
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13
Q

outer membrane

A

smooth

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14
Q

thylakoid

A

made from inner membrane, contains chlorophyll

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15
Q

chlorophyll

A

-green photosynthetic pigment, captures light E
- found in thylakoid/inner membrane foldings

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16
Q

grana

A
  • stacks of thylakoids
  • granum ( sg)
  • grana ( pl.)
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17
Q

stroma

A

-thylakoids suspended here
- semi fluid

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18
Q

Binary Fission

A

Get a big bigger and then split ( way to self reproduce)

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19
Q

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

A

Two organisms ( mostly archaea bacteria) took up residence one inside the other. Over time leads to interdependence.

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20
Q

What is the chloroplast derived from?

A
  • Cyanobacteria - blue green algae
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21
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Capture light, convert it into chemical energy, convert into carbs

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22
Q

What are the parts of the Mitochondria?

A
  • Inner membrane
  • Outer Membrane
  • Cristae
  • Matrix
  • respiratory enzymes
23
Q

Inner membrane

A
  • highly folded
  • forms cristae
24
Q

outer membrane

25
Cristae
innerfolding of inner membrane that encloses matrix
26
Matrix
semi fluid containing respiratory enzymes
27
what do the respiratory enzymes do?
- cellular respiration - produce most ATP - makes,modifies, degrades cellular models - generate heat ( brown fat) babies
28
What are mitochondria derived from?
Purple bacteria and a- Proteobacteria
29
How many proteins can the mitochondria make?
About 25
30
What size and shape are the mitochondria?
Can vary in shape, size, and number depending on the cell type.
31
What are the cell types with the most mitochondria?
-Muscle - Neurons -Liver
32
Nucleus - function and general structure
- The command center of the cell - size and shape and number different depending on cell
33
Nuclear envelope
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
34
structure of the nuclear envelope
-double membrane - nuclear pores
35
what do the nuclear pores do?
- exchange between neoplasm and cytoplasm
36
what is the neoplasm?
semi-fluid stuff inside of the nucleus - chromatin - chromosomes
37
What is the chromatin?
contains the DNA of genes --> condenses to form chromosomes
38
What's going on with the chromosomes?
In the nucleus of every single cell, there are 23 chromosomes. - cells are diploid - two copies of every gene ( mom and dad) - a chromosome is made of 2 sister chromatids
39
What is the structure and function of the Dark nucleolus?
- composed of rRNA - produces subunits of ribosomes
40
What are ribosomes made of?
rRNA and proteins
41
Ribosome function? structure?
-protein synthesis - both eukaryote and prokaryote - large subunit and a small unit - subunits made in nucleolus
42
where are ribosomes located?
- rough ER - free in cytoplasm, singly, polyribosomes
43
what do polyribosomes do?
read mRNA - docking for ribosomes--> ribosomes read mRNA --> ,make proteins
44
What does the endomembrane system do? Components?
folding and packing - a system of membrane-bound components Includes: - nuclear envelope -membrane of ER -Golgi apparatus -vesicles -plasma membrane - PLB
45
Rough ER Structure? Function?
structure: - studded w/ ribosomes function: - sorts proteins - inserts proteins into ER membrane - attaches carbs to proteins and lipids --> Glycosylation
46
Smooth ER Function? Structure?
Structure - smooth w/o ribosomes - made of cristae function: - metabolic roles - detox - synthesis and modification of lipids - carb metabolism - storage of Ca+ --> muscles and cell signaling
47
Golgi apparatus structure? Function?
Structure: - 3-20 flattened curved sacculus - cis face --> toward the nucleus - trans face--> within cell, export from cell) function: - modifies proteins and lipids - packs stuff into vesicles - receives vesicles on cis face - ships things out from the trans face -secretion, exocytosis
48
Lysosomes structure? function?
structure: -membrane-bound vesicles--> microbodies - produced by Golgi Apparatus -low ph 4.8 - lytic enzymes function: -digestion of large molecules - recycling of cellular resources ( autophagy) - apoptosis ( programmed cell death)
49
What is Tay Sachs
Lysosomal storage disease
50
Peroxisomes stucture? function?
structure: - membrane-bound vesicles - enclose enzymes - uncertain origins, self-replicate ( no DNA) functions: - enzymes synthesis by free ribosomes in cytoplasm( instead of ER) - active in lipid metabolism - catalyze rxns. to make hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2) ( toxic) - 2H2O2--> 2H2O + O2
51
What is Zelleguar Syndrome?
lack of peroxisomes, very fatal death by 1 year old.
52
What are Vacuoles? Structure?Function?
Structure: - Membrane-bound sacs larger than vesicles - seen in plants, fungi, protest function: - store material - can be very specialized --> contractile vacuole
53
How are vacuoles used in Plants?
- central vacuole - 90% volume in plant - storage of water, nutrients, pigments. and wast products - turgor pressure --> osmosis

BIO1111- Mary-Susan Pottsantone (17 decks)

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