Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO1111- Mary-Susan Pottsantone > Exam 2 (4) - Cell Communication > Flashcards

Exam 2 (4) - Cell Communication Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order in which we respond to a change in the environment?

A

stimulus–> receptor–> control center–> effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is true about responding to change in the environment?

A

order is the same between simple or complex cells
(all living things can detect change = signal transduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the different types of signaling?

A
  • Direct signaling
  • Contact-dependant
  • Autocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Endocrine Signaling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Direct Signaling?

A
  • gap junctions
  • signal passes through gap junction to adjacent cells
  • ex. cardiac muscle, neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Contact Dependent signaling?

A
  • membrane bound signals that bind to receptors.
  • ex. immune system –> antigen presenting cells ( phagocytosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autocrine

A
  • cells release signals that affect themselves and some neighboring cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Paracrine

A
  • only affect immediate neighbors ( like autocrine excluding itself)
  • ex. synaptic cleft ( rapid diffusion of neurotransmitter)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endocrine signaling

A
  • group of specialized cells in an organ that releases hormones
  • signals that travel long distances to affect larger cells

-ex. glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WHat is signal transduction at a cellular level?

A
  • Mechanism by which cells share information. Receive information generate a response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Signal Transduction: Stage 1

A

Receptor Activation

  • some signal molecule ( lingal) binds to a receptor

receptor ligand interaction leads to STP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Signal Transduction: Stage 2

A

Signal Transduction Pathway
- specific interactions
- creating a change
- proteins go conformational changes ( catalyse other reactions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Signal Transduction : Stage 3

A

Cellular Response
-depends on cell and signaling molecule
- ex.
- altered metabolism or other cell functions
- altered cell shape
- altered gene expression
- etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

agonist?

A

a ligand that ENHANCES cellular activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

antagonist?

A

a ligand that BLOCKS cellular activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the different kind of receptors?

A
  • intracellular receptors
  • cell surface receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does an intracellular receptor work?

A

They respond to signaling molecules that can diffuse through the membrane.

  • lipids are soluble in other lipids
  • ex. steroid hormones, auxins
  • can attach to receptors in cytoplasm or directly onto DNA ( w/ Hormone Responsive Elements)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are the intracellular receptors located

A

-cytosol or nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the forms cell surface receptors can take?

A
  • ligand gated ion channels
  • enzyme linked receptor
  • G coupled protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are ligand gated ion channels common?

A
  • nerve and muscle cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do the ligand gated ion channels do?

A
  • help create action potentials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are two features of enzyme linked receptors?

A
  • extracellular domain
  • catalytic domain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the extracellular domain?

A
  • hydrophilic
  • interacts w/ some signaling molecule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the catalytic domain?

A
  • part of the receptor involves a chemical reaction
  • some kind of kinase is involved ( 3 are common)
24
Q

What does kinase do?

A

phosphorylates –> activates

25
What does it mean to phosphorolate?
- take phosphate from ATP and attach it to something else --> energy
26
what does phospotase mean ?
- dephosphorylate ( opposite of kinase)
27
What are the 3 subunits of G proteins?
- a - B -y
28
What happens after a signaling molecule binds to a GPCR in a plasma membrane?
GDP molecule is exchanged for GTP inside the cell
29
What is GDP/GTP?
equivalent to ATP and ADP = E
30
What does the G stand for in GDP and GTP?
Guanine
31
What happens once GTP is available?
- subunits disassemble - cellular response is triggered
32
What terminates the cellular response of GPCR?
Hydrolysis of GTP--> GDP
33
What does cAMP do as a second messenger?
- activate or inactivate proteins w/in the cell - 2nd messenger
34
When is the signal terminated for cAMP?
- phosphodiesterase - converts cAMP to AMP
35
What is considered the extracellular domain in the GPCR?
The G protein-coupled receptor outside of the cell.
36
What is the catalytic domain of the GPCR?
The heterotrimeric G protein
37
What is the epidermal growth factor? what is it an example of?
It is an example of the enzyme-linked receptor - tissue repair, mitosis
38
What is the 2nd messenger mechanism?
Producing a small molecule that can relay a signal inside the cell.
39
why does there need to be a 2nd messenger?
1st messenger cannot cross into membrane can only do its job by interacting w/ receptors in the membrane.
40
What is important to remember about receptor pathways?
The cAMP can be stimulatory at times and then inhibitory at times. ( depends on receptor and cell shit)
41
What are two traits of a 2nd Messenger?
- short life span - increase amplification/speed
42
How is the DAG/IP3 2nd messenger mechanism different to cAMP?
It ends up having 3 -2nd messengers.
43
What are the 3 messengers made in the DAG/IP3 mechanism?
-DAG -IP3 -Calcium
44
What is step 1 of the cAMP cycle?
1. signal molecule interacts with GPCR--> activates it
45
What is step 2 of the cAMP cycle?
GTP and G protein bind - subunits dissasociate
46
What is step 3 of the cAMP cycle?
- subunit binds to the effector ( adenylate cyclase) -synthesis of cAMP
47
What is step 4 of the cAMP cycle?
- activates kinase
48
What is step 5 of the cAMP cycle?
-kinase phosphorylates, cause specific reactions
49
What is the relay GTP?
Inhibits effector enzymes.
50
What is Step 1 of the DAG/IP3 mechanism?
1. signal molecule interacts with GPCR--> activates it
51
What is Step 2 of the DAG/IP3 mechanism?
2. GTP and G protein bind - subunits disassociate
52
What is step 3 of the DAG/IP3 mechanism?
- subunit binds to the effector ( phospholipase)
53
What is step 4 of the DAG/IP3 mechanism?
- breaks down membrane phospholipid into 2--> 2nd messenger molecules. ( DAG/IP3)
54
What is step 5 of the DAG/IP3 mechanism?
- DAG activates kinase C - IP3 binds to smooth ER--> Calcium Released
55
What is step 6 of the DAG/IP3 mechanism?
- 3-2nd messengers direct responses of the target cell
56
Where does DAG go? What does it do?
- inside membrane - hydrophobic - activates kinase C
57
Where does IP3 go? What does it do?
- into cytoplasm - binds to smooth ER--> calcium is released

BIO1111- Mary-Susan Pottsantone (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions