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ANIMSCI 2200.01 > Exam 3 - Breeding And Biotechnology > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Breeding And Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular genetics

A

Structure and function of genes

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2
Q

Applied genetics

A

Improving genetic outcomes for the benefit of the animals and/or humans

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3
Q

Population genetics

A

Gene frequency within a population and how these frequencies influence genetics

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4
Q

Quantitative

A

Can be measured numerically, continuous variable

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5
Q

Qualitative

A

Can be described, expressed categorically, limited variables

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6
Q

Quantitative traits are controlled by ______ genes while qualitative traits are controlled by ______ genes

A

Many; few

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7
Q

Examples of quantitative

A

Milk yield, litter size, weaning weight, back fat thickness, eggs produced a year

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8
Q

Qualitative trait examples

A

Wool color, horns, white udders in cattle living outside, coat color

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9
Q

Heritability

A

The proportion of phenotypic variation that can be passed from parent to offspring

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10
Q

Quantitative traits: __________ environmental influence, _________ heritability

Qualitative traits: __________ environmental influence, _________ heritability

A

Quantitative: greater; variable
Qualitative: less; greater

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11
Q

Factors impacting genetic improvement of quantitative traits (3)

A

Heritability of trait, selection differential, generation interval

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12
Q

Heritability of the trait

A

May be used to estimate the value of an individual -its ability to transmit desirable genes to the offspring, can be used to predict the rate of genetic progress

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13
Q

Heritability

A

% of phenotypic variation among animals for a particular trait that is due to additive gene effects (not environment)

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14
Q

Greater heritability =

A

Greater improvement

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15
Q

Heritability range: 0-1
Highly heritable range:
Moderately heritable range:
Low heritability range:

A

Heritability range: 0-1
Highly heritable range: 0.4-0.6
Moderately heritable range: 0.2-0.4
Low heritability range: 0-0.2

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16
Q

Highly heritable range

A

0.4-0.6

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17
Q

Moderately heritable range

A

0.2-0.4

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18
Q

Low heritability range

A

0-0.2

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19
Q

Selection differential

A

Phenotypic advantage of the animal chosen to be parents in relation to the average for the population

Superiority compared to the herd average for a particular trait

20
Q

Genetic progress = _________ X ________

A

Selection differential X heritability

21
Q

Generation interval

A

Average age of the parents at the birth of their first offspring that in their turn will produce the next generation of breeding animals
How long it takes to pass along genetics

22
Q

How to calculate generation interval

A

(Average age of breeding females + average age of breeding males)
/2

23
Q

Limiting factor to generation interval

A

Breeding age of female

24
Q

Genetic change per year (annual rate of genetic progress) =

A

(Heritability X selection differential) / generation interval

25
Q

_______ and _______ are tools used to make genetic changes in a herd

A

Selection and mating

26
Q

Random mating

A

Selected animals mate at random (each male has opportunity to mate with each female)

27
Q

In-breeding

A

Intensive breeding of close relatives practiced to maintain breed standards and increases predictability of offspring because limited gene pool

28
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

After generations dominant traits can lose their vigor and have reduced survival and fertility of offspring of related individuals

29
Q

Challenges with in-breeding

A

Increased homozygosity, greater chance that detrimental genes will be expressed, decreased fitness/performance, inbreeding depression

30
Q

Line-breeding

A

Less restrictive than in-breeding, maintain high genetic relationship to a superior ancestor, useful when producer has difficulty finding superior genetics outside own herd

31
Q

Out-breeding

A

Mating of unrelated animals within lines and breeds or between breed

32
Q

Out-breeding has __________ effects in lowly heritable traits and within the _______ generation of crossbreeding

A

Greatest; first

33
Q

Outcrossing

A

Individual lines unrelated for at least 4-6 generations

34
Q

Crossbreeding

A

Mating animals of different breeds for breed complementation, utilize different breeds with strength in traits of interest

35
Q

Inbreeding: _______ variation _______ homozygosity
Outbreeding: _______ variation _______ heterozygosity ________productivity through hybrid vigor

A

Inbreeding: decrease; increase
Outbreeding: increase; increase; increase

36
Q

Heterosis/Hybrid vigor

A

Increased productivity of crossbred progeny above average of breeds or lines that are crossed

37
Q

Why chose hybrid vigor

A

Fewer unfavorable recessive genes expressed, favorable dominant genes are combined

38
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

In a large, randomly mated population, the absence of any evolutionary forces, gene frequencies will remain constant

Does not usually happen in domesticated animal population

39
Q

Molecular genetics

A

Branch of genetic dealing with the structure and activity of genetic material at the molecular level

40
Q

Transgenic organisms

A

Purposeful manipulation of an organisms DNA to produce organisms with genomes that cannot be created through traditional breeding

41
Q

Transgenic organism examples

A

Production of pharmaceuticals, study of human disease, direct benefit to the animal (disease resistant), development of animal used to harvest organ transplant, protecting the environment

42
Q

Cloning

A

Process of producing a genetic copy of a DNA segment, gene, embryo or animal

43
Q

Types of cloning (3)

A

DNA cloning, reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning (embryo cloning)

44
Q

DNA cloning

A

Generate multiple, identical, copies of DNA

45
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

Harvesting a cell from an animal and then transplanting the nucleus from that cell into an egg that has had the nucleus removed

46
Q

Therapeutic cloning (aka embryo cloning)

A

Production of embryos for use in research, with the goal of harvesting stem cells rather than creating cloned animals

ANIMSCI 2200.01 (8 decks)

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