Chapter 2 PHYS Flashcards
What is Homeostasis?
The tendency for living things to maintain a state of relative stability
Examples of homeostasis
Energy regulation, temperature regulation, breathing patterns, blood flow
What is the functional unit of animal life
The cell
What do the cell properties include?
Homeostasis, growth, reproduction, absorption, metabolism, secretion, irritability, conductivity, and contractility
What is Hypertrophy?
An increase in the size of a structure due to an increase in individual cell size or mass
Hyperplasia
An increase in the size of a structure due to an increase in the number of cells
Atrophy
A decrease in the size of a cell or organ
Aplasia
Failure of a tissue or organ to properly develop
Hypoplasia
Incomplete development or defective development of a tissue or organ
Reproduction
Development of new individuals of the same species
Reproduction in regards to cells
Reproduction that implies the ability to produce more cells or more organisms that are essentially the same as the original cell
Absorption
The process of taking dissolved materials or water through the cell membrane into the substance of the cell
Absorption: a passive process
Dependent on the forces of diffusion and osmosis
Absorption: an active process
Requires the expenditure of energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Absorption: the result of electrochemical ionic forces
Affinities that require no direct energy expenditure
Endocytosis
When the exterior cell membrane moves to surround extracellular materials in a membrane pocket allowing extracellular materials to enter a cell
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Metabolism
The sum physical and biochemical reactions occurring in each cell, and therefore the entire animal (this can also be described as the use of food for energy)
Anabolic
A reaction that builds and maintains cellular components, small molecules are assembled into large ones, energy is required
Catabolic
Reactions that break down cellular components, large molecules are broken down into small ones, energy is released
Secretion
A process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism
Exocytosis
Removal of a substances that was in a cell, secreted to the outside of the cell
(Opposite of endocytosis)
Irritability (or excitability)
The property of being able to react to a stimulus or stimuli
Conductivity
The property of transmitting an electrical impulse from one point in the cell to another point in the cell
Contractility
The ability to shorten or lengthen a cell
Where are stimuli detected
By receptors, sensory cells, sense organs
Compositionally what do animal cells consist
Water, protein, lipid, carbohydrates, and inorganic matter
What’s a major purpose of lean muscle tissue in a mammals body
Contractility, movement
What is the primary function of fat tissue in an animals body
Energy storage in the form or lipids
What is the primary function of bone tissue in an animals body
Storage of inorganic matter that our body needs to function (ca phos mg)
What are the size of animal cells
Animal cells range in diameter from about 10 microns to 100 microns
Outer cell membrane/plasma cell membrane
Within the cell, primarily consist of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol
Phospholipids
Arranged with their polar (hydrophilic) ends facing the protein layers, while their non polar (hydrophobic) ends face each other in the center of the membrane
What does the outer cell membrane/plasma membrane consist of?
Primarily consist of proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol
Integral proteins
Firmly inserted into the membrane among the phospholipids
Transmembrane proteins
Exposed to both the cytosine inside the cell and the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell
Peripheral proteins
Bound to the surface of the membrane
Cholesterol
Found between the phospholipid molecules and adjusts the fluidity and flexibility of the membrane
Cell adhesion molecules
Simple and facilitated diffusion
Concentration gradient
Permeable
The channel permits the passage of a given molecule
Osmosis
The movement of water across membranes
Aquaporins
Osmotic pressure
Active transport
Against active transport
Active transport
Movement across the cell membrane consumes energy produced by the cell
Cation
Positive ion
Anion
Negative ion
Electrical potential
Membrane potential
The measurable voltage difference across the membrane is the membrane potential
Excitable cells
Nerve cells (neurons) and muscle cells (myocytes)
Action potential
Depolarization
Propagation
The movement of action potentials
Ligand
The general term applied to any chemical that is capable of interacting with, or binding to, a membrane protein or membrane receptor
Ligand - receptor reversible relationship
Most LR interactions are reversible due to relatively weak chemical attractions
Ligand - receptor specificity relationship
Receptors demonstrate preference for certain ligands
Ligand - receptor affinity relationship
The strength of the LR interactions
Ligand - receptor saturation relationship
When all receptors are occupied with ligands
Nucleus
Contains the genetic material of the cell encoded in the molecules of DNA
Chromatin
Nucleoli
Consists largely of clustered DNA for ribosomal RNA transcription, processing and ribosome assembly, seen as densely staining spherical bodies in the nucleus
DNA chains
The genetic material necessary to direct cellular functions
How are chains of DNA formed
By joining small units called nucleotides
What does a nucleotide contain
Phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose) and either purine or pyrimidine base
What are the three forms of RNA needed to interpret genetic code and synthesize proteins
Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What are the basis of many areas of study in genetic engineering and biotechnology
DNA and RNA
What is mitosis
The division of somatic cells to produce two daughter cells, includes the duplication of genetic material for each daughter cell
Interphase
Prophase
Chromosomes pair up
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at the equator, miotic spindle
Anaphase
Sister chromatids pulled apart
Telophase
Cell pinches in the middle
Meiosis (reduction division)
Specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them
When does meiosis occur
During gametogenesis
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Number of chromosomes in each gamete after meiosis
1n
Apoptosis
Spontaneous or programmed death of normal cells
