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ANIMSCI 2200.01 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution theory

A

Process by which changes occur over successive generations

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2
Q

Darwins “descent with modification” says

A

“Living organism are constantly evolving, due into particular to the phenomenon of natural selection. Wishing one species, the individuals that are best adapted to their environment reproduce in greater number than other”

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3
Q

Fundamental Principles of evolution

A
  1. Variation within systems exist, in terms of genetic differences and morphological diversity (species change over time and space)
  2. Species can be selected for in the creation of new variation (natural selection works on existing variations)
  3. All species reproduce under food availability and suitable habitat
  4. Species success is dependent on optimum conditions
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4
Q

Basic principles of natural selection

A
  1. Ability to vary - does not introduce variation, works with existing variations
  2. Reproduce in excess - increases opportunity for genetic variation that offers survival advantage
  3. Changing environments - current modifications may no longer be an advantage
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5
Q

What is a theory

A

A carefully thought-out explanation for observations of the natural world that has been constructed using the scientific method, and which brings together many facts and hypotheses

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6
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

Paleozoic era, ~540 M years ago, ancestors of today’s animals appeared, big boom of new plant and animal species, contradicted evolution up until that point

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7
Q

Triassic period

A

Mesozoic era, ~250 M years ago, mammals appeared

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8
Q

Jurassic period

A

Mesozoic era, ~200 M years ago, birds appeared

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9
Q

Tertiary period

A

Cenozoic era, ~ 65 M years ago, Genus Homo appeared, mammals and birds thrive, land bridges appear

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10
Q

What does Cenozoic stand for

A

New life, age of mammals

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11
Q

Paleocene epic

A

Warm and humid

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12
Q

Eocene epic

A

Rapid global warming, flora diversification and dense forests

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13
Q

Ogliocene Epic

A

Temperatures declined, drier and more seasonal conditions, dry woodlands, and wooded grasslands, ice sheets

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14
Q

Holocene epoch

A

“Entirely new” 11,700 years ago marks significant plant and animal domestication event

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15
Q

Genus Bos

A

Can be traced to 2 M yeas ago, most profound changes associated with domestication

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16
Q

What process takes longer evolution or domestication?

A

Evolution

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17
Q

Eohippus (dawn horse)

A

Emerged during the Eocene epoch (global warming, marshy), small, fox like, 4 toes in the front, 3 toes in the back

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18
Q

Horse evolution

A

Old: small, many toes, lightweight, don’t travel
New: larger, toes disappear, need to travel for food, consume more food because less rich

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19
Q

Mutations

A

Variations that occur randomly through normal biological processes

20
Q

Genetic drift

A

Acts on existing variation and occurs by chance

21
Q

Migration (gene flow)

A

Variation that occurs through physical processes of movement

22
Q

How does evolution advance

A

By irregular, wholly unpredictable steps - the occasional occurrence of a peak shift in some locality at some time, followed by spread through a species

23
Q

Evolution

A

The process by which diversity is introduced

24
Q

Domestication

A

The process by which striking variation within a species arises

25
Q

What causes genetic variation

A

Mutations and migration (gene flow)

26
Q

What acts upon genetic variation

A

Natural selection and genetic drift

27
Q

Miocene epic

A

Stable, mild temperatures

28
Q

Pleistocene epic

A

“Current ice age” period of repeated glaciations

29
Q

Evolution requires both ____ and _____

A

Environment and Genetics

30
Q

Environment

A
  1. Populations have the potential to increase exponentially
  2. Resources are limited
31
Q

Genetics

A
  1. Animals within a population differ in many characteristics
  2. Characteristics that cause these differences are heritable
32
Q

Outcome

A
  1. Not all offspring produced will survive due to the environment and available resources
  2. Some animals are more likely to survive than others because of their genetic variation and heritable characteristics
33
Q

Natural selection is due to

A

A competitive advantage

34
Q

Artificial selection by humans is due to

A

Desired traits

35
Q

Domestication is

A

A condition whereby humans control the breeding, feeding, and care of animals

36
Q

Master Gene Theory

A

Limited number of divergent pathways because it’s controlled by one or few genes

37
Q

Gradualism

A

Many genes involved, and multiple paths diverge, making similarities less likely yet phenotypic similarities occur, continual and slow, single or limited number of genes may start process

38
Q

Successful domestication requires

A

Breeding animals in captivity, goal-oriented, increased reproductive ability, brings about atrophy of select organ systems, enables animal to achieve greater plasticity/adaptability, facilitated by subjugation to man

39
Q

Social behaviors that oppose domestication success

A

Territorial, monogamous, signals mating readiness through color markings, altricial young, high reaction toward human presence, carnivorous, high stress to confinement

40
Q

Does social cooperation increase or decrease fitness

A

Increase

41
Q

Social behaviors that support domestication success

A

Large social groups with leaders and followers, promiscuous, signals mating readiness through postures, precocial young, low reaction towards human presence, varied diet herbivore or omnivorous, low stress to confinement

42
Q

What is the most consequential event in human history

A

The exercise of dominion over plants and animals

43
Q

Pushes towards domestication

A

Climate warming, human expansion, resource depression (necessitated)

44
Q

Pulls towards domestication

A

Social status, release from labor, innovation (benefits)

45
Q

Domestication phases

A
  1. Animal attraction
  2. Animal keeping
  3. Animal breeding
  4. Intentional selection

ANIMSCI 2200.01 (8 decks)

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